source: GTP/trunk/App/Demos/Vis/CHC_revisited/occquery.cpp @ 2748

// occquery.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//
#if TOIMPLEMENT

#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "glInterface.h"
#include "RenderTraverser.h"



bool arbQuerySupport = false;
bool nvQuerySupport = false;

double nearDist = 0.1; // eye near plane distance
int winWidth, winHeight;
int objectType = Geometry::TEAPOT;
int nextObjectType = objectType;

float visZoomFactor = 1.5f;

bool showHelp = false;
bool showStatistics = true;
bool showBoundingVolumes = false;
bool visMode = false;
bool showCreateParams = false;

// traverses and renders the hierarchy
RenderTraverser traverser;

Vector3 eyePos = {0.0, 0.0, 3.0};  // eye position 
Vector3 viewDir = {0.0, 0.0, -1.0};  // eye view dir 
Vector3 lightDir = {0.0, 0.0, 1.0};  // light dir 

Matrix4x4 eyeView; // eye view matrix
Matrix4x4 eyeProjection; // eye projection matrix
Matrix4x4 eyeProjView; //= eyeProjection*eyeView
Matrix4x4 invEyeProjView; //= eyeProjView^(-1)
Matrix4x4 visView; // visualisation view matrix

//mouse navigation state
int xEyeBegin, yEyeBegin, yMotionBegin, verticalMotionBegin, horizontalMotionBegin = 0;
int renderMode = RenderTraverser::RENDER_COHERENT;

// relative size of an object
float objectSize = 3.5f;

int numObjects = 2000;
int numNextObjects = numObjects;
float zLength = 30.0f;

// this defines the volume where objects can be drawn
Vector3 minTranslation = {-2.5f, -2.5f, -3.0f};
Vector3 maxTranslation = {2.5f, 2.5f, -3.0 - zLength};

const float minAngle = 0;
const float maxAngle = 360;

const int renderTimeSize = 100;
long renderTimes[renderTimeSize];
int renderTimesIdx = 0;
int renderTimesValid = 0;

typedef vector<Geometry *> GeometryList;
GeometryList geometry;

bool useOptimization = true;
bool useArbQueries = false;

Vector3 amb[2];
Vector3 dif[2];
Vector3 spec[2];

void begin2D(void);
void end2D(void);
void output(const int x, const int y, const char *string);
void initGLstate(void);
void keyboard(const unsigned char c, const int x, const int y);
void drawHelpMessage(void);
void drawStatistics(void);
void display(void);
void special(const int c, const int x, const int y);
void reshape(const int w, const int h);
void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y);
void initExtensions(void);
void leftMotion(int x, int y);
//void rightMotion(int x, int y);
void middleMotion(int x, int y);
void drawEyeView(void);
void setupEyeView(void);
void setupVisView(void);
void updateEyeMtx(void);
long calcRenderTime(void);
void resetTimer(void);
void cleanUp(void);
void calcDecimalPoint(string &str, int d);

HierarchyNode* generateHierarchy(int numObjects);
Geometry *generateGeometry(Vector3 translateRatio, float xRotRatio, 
                                                   float yRotRatio, float zRotRatio, int materialIdx);
void displayVisualization();

void deleteGeometry();

#endif

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
#if 0
        glutInitWindowSize(800,600);
        glutInit(&argc,argv);
        glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DEPTH);
        
        glutCreateWindow("Coherent Hierarchical Culling");

        glutDisplayFunc(display);
        glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard);
        glutSpecialFunc(special);
        glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
        glutMouseFunc(mouse);
        glutIdleFunc(display);
        initExtensions();
        initGLstate();

        leftMotion(0,0);
        middleMotion(0,0);
        
        HierarchyNode *hierarchy = generateHierarchy(numObjects);
        traverser.SetHierarchy(hierarchy);

        /// initialise rendertime array
        for(int i=0; i<renderTimeSize; i++)
                renderTimes[i] = 0;

        glutMainLoop();

        // clean up
        cleanUp();
#endif
        return 0;
}

#if 0
void initGLstate(void) 
{
        glClearColor(0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0);
        
        glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
        glPixelStorei(GL_PACK_ALIGNMENT,1); 
        
        glDepthRange(0.0, 1.0);
        glClearDepth(1.0);
        glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);

        glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
        glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);

        glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);
        
        GLfloat ambient[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 };
        GLfloat diffuse[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
        GLfloat specular[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
        GLfloat position[] = { 0.0, 3.0, 3.0, 0.0 };
    
        GLfloat lmodel_ambient[] = { 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0 };
        GLfloat local_view[] = { 0.0 };

        glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, ambient);
        glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse);
        glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, position);
        
        glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, lmodel_ambient);
        glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_LOCAL_VIEWER, local_view);

        glMaterialf(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, 64);
        glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);
                        
        glFrontFace(GL_CCW);
        glCullFace(GL_BACK);
        glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
        
        glClearColor(0.2, 0.2, 0.8, 0.0);

        setupVisView();
}


void drawHelpMessage(void) 
{
        const char *message[] = 
        {
                "Help information",
                "",
                "'F1'           - shows/dismisses this message",
                "'F2'           - decreases number of objects (valid after scene recreation)",
                "'F3'           - increases number of objects (valid after scene recreation)",
                "'F4'           - decreases box length in z direction (valid after scene recreation)",
                "'F5'           - increases box length in z direction (valid after scene recreation)",
                "'F6'           - decreases object size (valid after scene recreation)",
                "'F7'           - increases object size (valid after scene recreation)",
                "'F8'           - cycles through object types (teapot, ...) (valid after scene recreation)",
                "",
                "'MOUSE-LEFT'   - turn left/right, move forward/backward",
                "'MOUSE-RIGHT'  - turn left/right, move forward/backward",
                "'MOUSE-MIDDLE' - move up/down, left/right",
                "'CURSOR UP'    - move forward",
                "'CURSOR BACK'  - move backward",
                "'CURSOR RIGHT' - turn right",
                "'CURSOR LEFT'  - turn left",
                "",
                "'SPACE'        - cycles through occlusion culling algorithms",
                "'-'            - decreases visibility threshold",
                "'+'            - increases visibility threshold",
                "'C'            - recreates the scene hierarchy",
                "'G'            - enables/disables optimization to take geometry as occluder",
                "'N'            - triggers NV / ARB queries",
                "",
                "'R'            - shows/hides recreation parameters",
                "'S'            - shows/hides statistics",
                "'V'            - shows/hides bounding volumes",
                "",
                "'1'            - shows/hides visualization",
                "'2'            - zooms out visualization",
                "'3'            - zooms in visualization",
                0,
        };
        
        int i;
        int x = 40, y = 42;
        glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
        glEnable(GL_BLEND);
        glColor4f(0.0,1.0,0.0,0.2);  // 20% green. 

        // Drawn clockwise because the flipped Y axis flips CCW and CW. 
        glRecti(winWidth - 30, 30, 30, winHeight - 30);
        
        glDisable(GL_BLEND);
        

        glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0);
        for(i = 0; message[i] != 0; i++) {
                if(message[i][0] == '\0') {
                        y += 7;
                } else {
                        output(x,y,message[i]);
                        y += 14;
                }
        }

}

// generates a teapot, all parameters between zero and one
Geometry *generateGeometry(Vector3 translationRatio, float xRotRatio, 
                                                   float yRotRatio, float zRotRatio, int materialIdx)
{
        float xRot = minAngle + xRotRatio * (maxAngle - minAngle);
        float yRot = minAngle + yRotRatio * (maxAngle - minAngle);
        float zRot = minAngle + zRotRatio * (maxAngle - minAngle);

        Vector3 translation;
        translation[0] = minTranslation[0] + translationRatio[0] * (maxTranslation[0] - minTranslation[0]);
        translation[1] = minTranslation[1] + translationRatio[1] * (maxTranslation[1] - minTranslation[1]);
        translation[2] = minTranslation[2] + translationRatio[2] * (maxTranslation[2] - minTranslation[2]);

        Geometry *result = new Geometry(translation, xRot, yRot, zRot, objectSize, objectType);

        result->SetAmbientColor(amb[materialIdx][0], amb[materialIdx][1], amb[materialIdx][2]);
        result->SetDiffuseColor(dif[materialIdx][0], dif[materialIdx][1], dif[materialIdx][2]);
        result->SetSpecularColor(spec[materialIdx][0], spec[materialIdx][1], spec[materialIdx][2]);

        return result;
}

// generates a the scene hierarchy with random values
HierarchyNode* generateHierarchy(int numObjects)
{
    HierarchyNode *hierarchy = new HierarchyNode();

        // initialise materials
        copyVector3Values(amb[0], 0.0215, 0.1745, 0.0215);
        copyVector3Values(dif[0], 0.727811, 0.633, 0.6);
        copyVector3Values(spec[0], 0.633, 0.727811, 0.633);

        copyVector3Values(amb[1], 0.1745, 0.01175, 0.01175);
        copyVector3Values(dif[1], 0.61424, 0.04136, 0.04136);
        copyVector3Values(spec[1], 0.727811, 0.626959, 0.626959);

        srand (time (0));
        
        printf("generating geometry with random position and orientation ... ");

        for(int i=0; i < numObjects; i++)
        {
                float xRotRatio = rand() / (float) RAND_MAX;
                float yRotRatio = rand() / (float) RAND_MAX;
                float zRotRatio = rand() / (float) RAND_MAX;

                Vector3 translationRatio = {rand() / (float) RAND_MAX, 
                                                                        rand() / (float) RAND_MAX, 
                                                                        rand() / (float) RAND_MAX};

                int materialIdx = int(2 * rand() / (float) RAND_MAX);
                        
                Geometry *geo = generateGeometry(translationRatio, xRotRatio, 
                                                                             yRotRatio, zRotRatio, materialIdx);
                hierarchy->AddGeometry(geo);

                // put into global geometry list for later deletion
                geometry.push_back(geo);
        }

        printf("finished\n");
        printf("generating new kd-tree hierarchy ... ");
        HierarchyNode::InitKdTree(hierarchy);
        hierarchy->GenerateKdTree();
        printf("finished\n");

        return hierarchy;
}


void updateEyeMtx(void) 
{
        const Vector3 up = {0.0, 1.0, 0.0};

        look(eyeView, eyePos, viewDir, up);
        mult(eyeProjView, eyeProjection, eyeView); //eyeProjView = eyeProjection*eyeView
        invert(invEyeProjView, eyeProjView); //invert matrix
}


void setupEyeView(void)
{
        glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
        glLoadMatrixd(eyeProjection);

        glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
        glLoadMatrixd(eyeView);
}


void display(void) 
{
        char * msg[] = {"Frustum culling only", "Hierarchical stop and wait",
                                    "Coherent hierarchical culling"};

        char msg2[200];
        char msg3[200];
        char msg4[100];
        char msg5[100];
        char msg6[100];
        char msg7[100];
        char msg8[100];

        sprintf_s(msg2, "Traversed: %4d, frustum culled: %4d, query culled: %4d (of %d nodes)",
                        traverser.GetNumTraversedNodes(), traverser.GetNumFrustumCulledNodes(),
                        traverser.GetNumQueryCulledNodes(), 
                        traverser.GetHierarchy()->GetNumHierarchyNodes());
        
        char *optstr[2] = {"", ", using optimization"};
        char *querystr[2] = {"NV", "ARB"};

        float fps = 1e3f;
        long renderTime = calcRenderTime();
        if (renderTime) fps = 1e6f / (float)calcRenderTime();

        sprintf_s(msg3, "Threshold: %4d, algorithm rendering time: %ld ms (%3.3f fps), queries: %s%s", 
                traverser.GetVisibilityThreshold(), renderTime / 1000, fps, querystr[useArbQueries], optstr[useOptimization]);

        string str;
        string str2;

        calcDecimalPoint(str, Geometry::CountTriangles(objectType) * traverser.GetNumRenderedGeometry());
        calcDecimalPoint(str2, Geometry::CountTriangles(objectType) * numObjects);

        sprintf_s(msg4, "Rendered objects %d (of %d), rendered triangles: %s (of %s)", 
                        traverser.GetNumRenderedGeometry(), numObjects, str.c_str(), str2.c_str()); 

        sprintf_s(msg5, "Next object num: %d", numNextObjects);
        sprintf_s(msg6, "Next length in z dir: %3.3f", zLength);
        
        char *objectTypeStr[3] = {"teapot", "torus", "sphere"};

        sprintf_s(msg7, "Next object type: %s", objectTypeStr[nextObjectType]);
        sprintf_s(msg8, "Next object size: %3.3f", objectSize);

        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        updateEyeMtx(); // bring eye modelview matrix up-to-date
        setupEyeView();

        traverser.SetViewpoint(eyePos);
        traverser.SetProjViewMatrix(eyeProjView);
        traverser.Render(renderMode);

        // cycle through rendertime array
        renderTimes[renderTimesIdx] = traverser.GetRenderTime();
        renderTimesIdx = (renderTimesIdx + 1) % renderTimeSize;

        if(renderTimesIdx  > renderTimesValid) 
                renderTimesValid = renderTimesIdx;

        if(visMode)
        {
                displayVisualization();
        }
        
        begin2D();
        if(showHelp)
                drawHelpMessage();
        else
        {
                glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0);
                output(10,winHeight-10, msg[renderMode]);

                if(showStatistics)
                {
                        if(showCreateParams)
                        {
                                output(10, winHeight-150, msg8);
                                output(10, winHeight-130, msg7);
                                output(10, winHeight-110, msg6);
                                output(10, winHeight-90,  msg5);
                        }
                        output(10, winHeight-70, msg3);
                        output(10, winHeight-50, msg4);
                        output(10, winHeight-30, msg2);
                }
        }
        end2D();

        glutSwapBuffers();
}


#pragma warning( disable : 4100 )
void keyboard(const unsigned char c, const int x, const int y) 
{
        int threshold;
        HierarchyNode *hierarchy;

        switch(c) 
        {
        case 27:
                exit(0);
                break;
        case 32: //space
                renderMode = (renderMode + 1) % RenderTraverser::NUM_RENDERMODES;
                
                resetTimer();
                traverser.Render(renderMode);           // render once so stats are updated
                break;
        case 'h':
        case 'H':
                showHelp = !showHelp;
                break;
        case 'v':
        case 'V':
                showBoundingVolumes = !showBoundingVolumes;
                HierarchyNode::SetRenderBoundingVolume(showBoundingVolumes);
                break;
        case 's':
        case 'S':
                showStatistics = !showStatistics;
                break;
        case '+':
                threshold = traverser.GetVisibilityThreshold() + 10;
                traverser.SetVisibilityThreshold(threshold);
                break;
        case '-':
                threshold = traverser.GetVisibilityThreshold() - 10;
                if(threshold < 0) threshold = 0;

                traverser.SetVisibilityThreshold(threshold);            
                break;
        case '1':
                visMode = !visMode;
                break;
        
        case '2':
                visZoomFactor += 0.1;   
                setupVisView();
                break;
        case '3':
                visZoomFactor -= 0.1;
                if(visZoomFactor < 0.1) visZoomFactor = 0.1;
        
                setupVisView();
                break;
        case 'r':
        case 'R':
                showCreateParams = !showCreateParams;
                break;
        case 'g':
        case 'G':
                useOptimization = !useOptimization;
                traverser.SetUseOptimization(useOptimization);
                break;
        case 'n':
        case 'N':
                useArbQueries = !useArbQueries;
                traverser.SetUseArbQueries(useArbQueries);
                break;
        case 'c':
        case 'C':       
                
                hierarchy = traverser.GetHierarchy();
                // delete old hierarchy
                if(hierarchy) delete hierarchy; 
                deleteGeometry();

                maxTranslation[2] = -3.0 - zLength;
                numObjects = numNextObjects;
                objectType = nextObjectType;
                
                hierarchy = generateHierarchy(numObjects);
                traverser.SetHierarchy(hierarchy);

                showCreateParams = false;

                traverser.Render(renderMode); // render once to update stats
                resetTimer();
                break;

        default:
                return;
        }

        glutPostRedisplay();
}


void special(const int c, const int x, const int y) 
{
        // used to avoid vertical motion with the keys
        Vector3 hvec = {viewDir[0], 0, viewDir[2]};
        
        switch(c) 
        {
        case GLUT_KEY_F1:
                showHelp = !showHelp;
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_F2:
                numNextObjects -= 100;
                if(numNextObjects < 100) numNextObjects = 100;
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_F3:
        numNextObjects += 100;
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_F4:
                zLength -= 1;
                if(zLength < 0) zLength = 0;
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_F5:
                zLength += 1;
                break;          
        case GLUT_KEY_F6:
                objectSize -= 0.1;
                if(objectSize < 0.1) objectSize = 0.1;
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_F7:
                objectSize += 0.1;
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_F8:
                nextObjectType = (nextObjectType + 1) % Geometry::NUM_OBJECTS;
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_LEFT:
                rotateVectorY(viewDir, 0.2);
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_RIGHT:
                rotateVectorY(viewDir, -0.2);
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_UP:
                linCombVector3(eyePos, eyePos, hvec, 0.6);
                break;
        case GLUT_KEY_DOWN:
                linCombVector3(eyePos, eyePos, hvec, -0.6);
                break;
        default:
                return;

        }

        glutPostRedisplay();
}
#pragma warning( default : 4100 )


void reshape(const int w, const int h) 
{
        double winAspectRatio = 1.0;

        glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
        
        winWidth = w;
        winHeight = h;

        if(w) winAspectRatio = (double) h / (double) w;

        perspectiveDeg(eyeProjection, 60.0, 1.0/winAspectRatio, nearDist, 150.0);

        glutPostRedisplay();
}


void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y) 
{
        if(((button == GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON) || (button == GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON)) && state == GLUT_DOWN) 
        {
                xEyeBegin = x;
                yMotionBegin = y;

                glutMotionFunc(leftMotion);
        }
        else if(button == GLUT_MIDDLE_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN)
        {
                horizontalMotionBegin = x;
                verticalMotionBegin = y;
                glutMotionFunc(middleMotion);
        }

        glutPostRedisplay();
}

/**
        rotation for left/right mouse drag
        motion for up/down mouse drag
*/
void leftMotion(int x, int y) 
{
        static double eyeXAngle = 0.0;
        // not move in the vertical direction
        Vector3 horView = {viewDir[0], 0, viewDir[2]};
        
        eyeXAngle = 0.6 *  PI * (xEyeBegin - x) / 180.0;
        linCombVector3(eyePos, eyePos, horView, (yMotionBegin - y) * 0.1);
        
        rotateVectorY(viewDir, eyeXAngle);
        
        xEyeBegin = x;
        yMotionBegin = y;

        glutPostRedisplay();
}

// strafe
void middleMotion(int x, int y) 
{
        // the 90 degree rotated view vector 
        // y zero so we don't move in the vertical
        Vector3 rVec = {viewDir[0], 0, viewDir[2]};
        
        rotateVectorY(rVec, PI / 2.0);
        linCombVector3(eyePos, eyePos, rVec, (horizontalMotionBegin - x) * 0.1);
        
        eyePos[1] += (verticalMotionBegin - y) * 0.1;

        horizontalMotionBegin = x;
        verticalMotionBegin = y;

        glutPostRedisplay();
}


void initExtensions(void) 
{
        GLenum err = glewInit();
        if (GLEW_OK != err) 
        {
                // problem: glewInit failed, something is seriously wrong
                fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", glewGetErrorString(err));
                exit(1);
        }

        if (GLEW_ARB_occlusion_query) 
                arbQuerySupport = true;
        
        if (GLEW_NV_occlusion_query) 
                nvQuerySupport = true;
        

        if  (!arbQuerySupport && !nvQuerySupport)
        {
                printf("I require the GL_ARB_occlusion_query or the GL_NV_occlusion_query OpenGL extension to work.\n");
                exit(1);
        }
}


void begin2D(void) 
{
        glDisable(GL_LIGHTING);
        glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

        glPushMatrix();
        glLoadIdentity();

        glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
        glPushMatrix();
        glLoadIdentity();
        gluOrtho2D(0, winWidth, winHeight, 0);
}


void end2D(void) 
{
        glPopMatrix();
        glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
        glPopMatrix();

        glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
        glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
}


void output(const int x, const int y, const char *string) 
{
        if(string != 0) 
        {
                int len, i;
                glRasterPos2f(x,y);
                len = (int) strlen(string);
                
                for (i = 0; i < len; i++) 
                {
                        glutBitmapCharacter(GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,string[i]);
                }
        }
}

// explicitly deletes geometry generated for hierarchy 
// (deleting the hierarchy does not delete the geometry)
void deleteGeometry()
{
        for (GeometryList::iterator it = geometry.begin(); it != geometry.end(); it++)
                if(*it) delete (*it);
        
        geometry.clear();
}

// displays the visualisation of the kd tree node culling
void displayVisualization()
{
        begin2D();
        glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
        glEnable(GL_BLEND);
        glColor4f(0.0,0.0,0.0,0.5); 

        glRecti(winWidth, 0, winWidth / 2, winHeight / 2);
        glDisable(GL_BLEND);
        end2D();

        glViewport(winWidth / 2, winHeight / 2, winWidth, winHeight);
        glPushMatrix();
        glLoadMatrixd(visView);
        
        glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // --- visualization of the occlusion culling
        HierarchyNode::SetRenderBoundingVolume(true);
        traverser.RenderVisualization();
        HierarchyNode::SetRenderBoundingVolume(showBoundingVolumes);

        glPopMatrix();
        glViewport(0, 0, winWidth, winHeight);
}

/**
        sets up view matrix in order to get a good position 
        for viewing the kd tree node culling
*/
void setupVisView()
{
        const Vector3 up = {0.0, 1.0, 0.0};
        
        Vector3 visPos = {24, 23, -6};
        
        visPos[0] *= visZoomFactor; 
        visPos[1] *= visZoomFactor; 
        visPos[2] *= visZoomFactor;

        Vector3 visDir = {-1.3,-1,-1};
        
        normalize(visDir);
        look(visView, visPos, visDir, up);
}

// we take a couple of measurements and compute the average
long calcRenderTime()
{
        long result = 0;

        for(int i=0; i<renderTimesValid; i++)
                result += renderTimes[i];
    
        if(renderTimesValid)
                result /= renderTimesValid;

        return result;
}


// reset the timer array for a new traversal method
void resetTimer()
{
        renderTimesValid = 0;
        renderTimesIdx = 0;
}


// cleanup routine after the main loop
void cleanUp()
{
        if(traverser.GetHierarchy()) 
                delete traverser.GetHierarchy();

        deleteGeometry();

        Geometry::CleanUp();
}


// this function inserts a dezimal point after each 1000
void calcDecimalPoint(string &str, int d)
{
        vector<int> numbers;
        char hstr[100];

        while (d != 0)
        {
                numbers.push_back(d % 1000);
                d /= 1000;
        }

        // first element without leading zeros
        if (numbers.size() > 0)
        {
                sprintf_s(hstr, "%d", numbers.back());
                str.append(hstr);
        }
        
        for (size_t i = numbers.size() - 2; i >= 0; i--)
        {
                sprintf_s(hstr, ",%03d", numbers[i]);
                str.append(hstr);
        }
}

#endif