source: GTP/trunk/Lib/Vis/Preprocessing/src/VspOspTree.h @ 1093

#ifndef _VspOspTree_H__
#define _VspOspTree_H__

#include <stack>

#include "Mesh.h"
#include "Containers.h"
#include "Statistics.h"
#include "VssRay.h"
#include "RayInfo.h"
#include "gzstream.h"


namespace GtpVisibilityPreprocessor {

class ViewCellLeaf;
//class VspViewCell;
class Plane3;
class AxisAlignedBox3;
class Ray;
class ViewCellsStatistics;
class ViewCellsManager;
class MergeCandidate;
class Beam;
class ViewCellsTree;
class Environment;
class VspInterior;
class VspLeaf;
class VspNode;
class KdNode;
class KdInterior;
class KdLeaf;

class KdTreeStatistics;

template <typename T> class GtPriority
{
public:
        bool operator() (const T c1, const T c2) const
        {
                //return false;
                return c1->GetPriority() < c2->GetPriority();
        }
};


/** Candidate for a view space / object space split.
*/
class SplitCandidate
{  
public:

        enum {OBJECT_SPACE, VIEW_SPACE};

        /// the current split plane
        AxisAlignedPlane mSplitPlane;
        /// split axis of this plane (0, 1, 2, or 3 if non-axis-aligned)
        int mSplitAxis;
        /// the number of misses of max cost ratio until this split
        int mMaxCostMisses;

        /// priority of this split
        float mPriority;
        
        /// pointers used for building up heap
        SplitCandidate *mParent;
        SplitCandidate *mLeft;
        SplitCandidate *mRight;

        SplitCandidate(): mPriority(0) 
        {};

        SplitCandidate(const AxisAlignedPlane &plane): mSplitPlane(plane)
        {}

        virtual int Type() const = 0;

        /** Returns cost of the traversal data.
        */
        float GetPriority() const
        {
                return mPriority;
        }

        /*friend bool operator<(const SplitCandidate &a, const SplitCandidate &b)
        {
                return a.GetPriority() < b.GetPriority();
        }*/
};


/** View space partition statistics.
*/
class VspTreeStatistics: public StatisticsBase
{
public:
        // total number of nodes
        int nodes;
        // number of splits
        int splits[3];
        
        // totals number of rays
        int rays;
        // maximal reached depth
        int maxDepth;
        // minimal depth
        int minDepth;
        
        // max depth nodes
        int maxDepthNodes;
        // minimum depth nodes
        int minDepthNodes;
        // max depth nodes
        int minPvsNodes;
        // nodes with minimum PVS
        int minRaysNodes;
        // max ray contribution nodes
        int maxRayContribNodes;
        // minimum area nodes
        int minProbabilityNodes;
        /// nodes termination because of max cost ratio;
        int maxCostNodes;
        // max number of rays per node
        int maxObjectRefs;
        /// samples contributing to pvs
        int contributingSamples;
        /// sample contributions to pvs
        int sampleContributions;
        /// largest pvs
        int maxPvs;
        /// number of invalid leaves
        int invalidLeaves;
        /// accumulated number of rays refs
        int accumRays;
        int pvs;
        // accumulated depth (used to compute average)
        int accumDepth;

        // Constructor
        VspTreeStatistics() 
        {
                Reset();
        }

        int Nodes() const {return nodes;}
        int Interior() const { return nodes / 2; }
        int Leaves() const { return (nodes / 2) + 1; }
        
        // TODO: computation wrong
        double AvgDepth() const { return accumDepth / (double)Leaves();}; 
        double AvgRays() const { return accumRays / (double)Leaves();}; 

        void Reset() 
        {
                nodes = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++ i)
                        splits[i] = 0;
                
                maxDepth = 0;
                minDepth = 99999;
                accumDepth = 0;
        pvs = 0;
                maxDepthNodes = 0;
                minPvsNodes = 0;
                minRaysNodes = 0;
                maxRayContribNodes = 0;
                minProbabilityNodes = 0;
                maxCostNodes = 0;

                contributingSamples = 0;
                sampleContributions = 0;

                maxPvs = 0;
                invalidLeaves = 0;
                accumRays = 0;
        }

        void Print(ostream &app) const;

        friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &s, const VspTreeStatistics &stat) 
        {
                stat.Print(s);
                return s;
        } 
};


/** View space partition statistics.
*/
class OspTreeStatistics: public StatisticsBase
{
public:
        // total number of nodes
        int nodes;
        // number of splits
        int splits[3];
        
        // totals number of rays
        int rays;
        // maximal reached depth
        int maxDepth;
        // minimal depth
        int minDepth;
        
        // max depth nodes
        int maxDepthNodes;
        // minimum depth nodes
        int minDepthNodes;
        // max depth nodes
        int minPvsNodes;
        // nodes with minimum PVS
        int minRaysNodes;
        // max ray contribution nodes
        int maxRayContribNodes;
        // minimum area nodes
        int minProbabilityNodes;
        /// nodes termination because of max cost ratio;
        int maxCostNodes;
        // max number of rays per node
        int maxObjectRefs;
        /// samples contributing to pvs
        int contributingSamples;
        /// sample contributions to pvs
        int sampleContributions;
        /// largest pvs
        int maxPvs;
        /// number of invalid leaves
        int invalidLeaves;
        /// accumulated number of rays refs
        int accumRays;
        int pvs;
        // accumulated depth (used to compute average)
        int accumDepth;

        // Constructor
        OspTreeStatistics() 
        {
                Reset();
        }

        int Nodes() const {return nodes;}
        int Interior() const { return nodes / 2; }
        int Leaves() const { return (nodes / 2) + 1; }
        
        // TODO: computation wrong
        double AvgDepth() const { return accumDepth / (double)Leaves();}; 
        double AvgRays() const { return accumRays / (double)Leaves();}; 

        void Reset() 
        {
                nodes = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++ i)
                        splits[i] = 0;
                
                maxDepth = 0;
                minDepth = 99999;
                accumDepth = 0;
        pvs = 0;
                maxDepthNodes = 0;
                minPvsNodes = 0;
                minRaysNodes = 0;
                maxRayContribNodes = 0;
                minProbabilityNodes = 0;
                maxCostNodes = 0;

                contributingSamples = 0;
                sampleContributions = 0;

                maxPvs = 0;
                invalidLeaves = 0;
                accumRays = 0;
        }

        void Print(ostream &app) const;

        friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &s, const OspTreeStatistics &stat) 
        {
                stat.Print(s);
                return s;
        } 
};


/**
    VspNode abstract class serving for interior and leaf node implementation
*/
class VspNode
{
public:
        
        // types of vsp nodes
        enum {Interior, Leaf};

        VspNode();
        virtual ~VspNode(){};
        VspNode(VspInterior *parent);

        /** Determines whether this node is a leaf or not
                @return true if leaf
        */
        virtual bool IsLeaf() const = 0;

        virtual int Type() const = 0;

        /** Determines whether this node is a root
                @return true if root
        */
        virtual bool IsRoot() const;

        /** Returns parent node.
        */
        VspInterior *GetParent();

        /** Sets parent node.
        */
        void SetParent(VspInterior *parent);

        /** Returns true if this node is a sibling of node n.
        */
        bool IsSibling(VspNode *n) const;

        /** returns depth of the node.
        */
        int GetDepth() const;

        /** returns true if the whole subtree is valid
        */
        bool TreeValid() const;

        void SetTreeValid(const bool v);

        //-- mailing options

        void Mail() { mMailbox = sMailId; }
        static void NewMail() { ++ sMailId; }
        bool Mailed() const { return mMailbox == sMailId; }

        static int sMailId;
        int mMailbox;

        int mTimeStamp;

protected:

        /// if this sub tree is a completely valid view space region
        bool mTreeValid;
        /// parent of this node
        VspInterior *mParent;
};


/** BSP interior node implementation 
*/
class VspInterior: public VspNode 
{
public:
        /** Standard contructor taking split plane as argument.
        */
        VspInterior(const AxisAlignedPlane &plane);

        ~VspInterior();
        /** @return false since it is an interior node 
        */
        bool IsLeaf() const;

        int Type() const;

        VspNode *GetBack();
        VspNode *GetFront();

        /** Returns split plane.
        */
        AxisAlignedPlane GetPlane() const;

        /** Returns position of split plane.
        */
        float GetPosition() const;

        /** Returns split axis.
        */
        int GetAxis() const;

        /** Replace front or back child with new child.
        */
        void ReplaceChildLink(VspNode *oldChild, VspNode *newChild);
        /** Replace front and back child.
        */
        void SetupChildLinks(VspNode *b, VspNode *f);

        friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &s, const VspInterior &A)
        {
                return s << A.mPlane.mAxis << " " << A.mPlane.mPosition;
        }

        AxisAlignedBox3 GetBoundingBox() const;
        void SetBoundingBox(const AxisAlignedBox3 &box);

        /** Computes intersection of this plane with the ray segment.
        */
        int ComputeRayIntersection(const RayInfo &rayData, float &t) const
        {
                return rayData.ComputeRayIntersection(mPlane.mAxis, mPlane.mPosition, t);
        }


protected:

        AxisAlignedBox3 mBoundingBox;

        /// Splitting plane corresponding to this node
        AxisAlignedPlane mPlane;

        /// back node
        VspNode *mBack;
        /// front node
        VspNode *mFront;
};


/** BSP leaf node implementation.
*/
class VspLeaf: public VspNode 
{

public:
        VspLeaf();
        VspLeaf(ViewCellLeaf *viewCell);
        VspLeaf(VspInterior *parent);
        VspLeaf(VspInterior *parent, ViewCellLeaf *viewCell);

        ~VspLeaf();

        /** @return true since it is an interior node 
        */
        bool IsLeaf() const;
        
        int Type() const;

        /** Returns pointer of view cell.
        */
        ViewCellLeaf *GetViewCell() const;

        /** Sets pointer to view cell.
        */
        void SetViewCell(ViewCellLeaf *viewCell);

        /// Rays piercing this leaf.
        VssRayContainer mVssRays;
        
        /// leaf pvs
        ObjectPvs *mPvs;

        /// Probability that the view point lies in this leaf
        float mProbability;

protected:
        
        /// if NULL this does not correspond to feasible viewcell
        ViewCellLeaf *mViewCell;
};


typedef std::priority_queue<SplitCandidate *, 
                                                        std::vector<SplitCandidate *>, 
                                                        GtPriority<std::vector<SplitCandidate *>::value_type> > SplitQueue;

#if TODO
/** candidate for a view space split
*/
class OspSplitCandidate: public SplitCandidate
{  
        /// parent data
        OspTraversalData mParentData;
                
        VspOspSplitCandidate(): mRenderCost(0) 
        {};

        int Type() const { return OSP_CANDIDATE; } 

        VspOspSplitCandidate(const AxisAlignedPlane &plane, const VspOspTraversalData &tData): 
        mSplitPlane(plane), mParentData(tData), mRenderCost(0)
        {}
};
#endif

/** View Space Partitioning tree.
*/
class VspTree 
{
        friend class ViewCellsParseHandlers;
        friend class HierarchyManager;

public:
        
        /** Additional data which is passed down the BSP tree during traversal.
        */
        class VspTraversalData
        {  
        public:
                /// the current node
                VspNode *mNode;
                /// current depth
                int mDepth;
                /// rays piercing this node
                RayInfoContainer *mRays;
                /// the probability that this node contains view point
                float mProbability;
                /// the bounding box of the node
                AxisAlignedBox3 mBoundingBox;
                /// pvs size
                int mPvs;
                /// how often this branch has missed the max-cost ratio
                int mMaxCostMisses;
                // current priority
                float mPriority;

                
                /** Returns average ray contribution.
                */
                float GetAvgRayContribution() const
                {
                        return (float)mPvs / ((float)mRays->size() + Limits::Small);
                }


                VspTraversalData():
                mNode(NULL),
                mDepth(0),
                mRays(NULL),
                mPvs(0),
                mProbability(0.0),
                mMaxCostMisses(0), 
                mPriority(0)
                {}
                
                VspTraversalData(VspNode *node, 
                                                 const int depth, 
                                                 RayInfoContainer *rays,
                                                 const int pvs,
                                                 const float p,
                                                 const AxisAlignedBox3 &box):
                mNode(node), 
                mDepth(depth), 
                mRays(rays),
                mPvs(pvs),
                mProbability(p),
                mBoundingBox(box),
                mMaxCostMisses(0),
                mPriority(0)
                {}

                VspTraversalData(const int depth, 
                                                 RayInfoContainer *rays,
                                                 const AxisAlignedBox3 &box): 
                mNode(NULL), 
                mDepth(depth), 
                mRays(rays),
                mPvs(0),
                mProbability(0),
                mMaxCostMisses(0),
                mBoundingBox(box)
                {}

                /** Returns cost of the traversal data.
                */
                float GetCost() const
                {
                        //cout << mPriority << endl;
                        return mPriority;
                }

                // deletes contents and sets them to NULL
                void Clear()
                {
                        DEL_PTR(mRays);
                }

                friend bool operator<(const VspTraversalData &a, const VspTraversalData &b)
                {
                        return a.GetCost() < b.GetCost();
                }
    };

        /** Candidate for a view space split.
        */
        class VspSplitCandidate: public SplitCandidate
        {  
        public:
                /// parent data
                VspTraversalData mParentData;
                
                VspSplitCandidate()
                {};

                int Type() const { return VIEW_SPACE; }

                VspSplitCandidate(const AxisAlignedPlane &plane, const VspTraversalData &tData): 
                SplitCandidate(plane), mParentData(tData)
                {}
        };

        /** Struct for traversing line segment.
        */
        struct LineTraversalData 
        {
                VspNode *mNode;
                Vector3 mExitPoint;
                
                float mMaxT;
    
                LineTraversalData () {}
                LineTraversalData (VspNode *n, const Vector3 &p, const float maxt):
                mNode(n), mExitPoint(p), mMaxT(maxt) {}
        };

        //typedef std::priority_queue<VspTraversalData> VspOspTraversalQueue;

        /** Default constructor creating an empty tree.
        */ 
        VspTree();

        /** Default destructor.
        */
        ~VspTree();

        /** Returns BSP Tree statistics.
        */
        const VspTreeStatistics &GetStatistics() const; 
  
        /** Returns bounding box of the specified node.
        */
        AxisAlignedBox3 GetBBox(VspNode *node) const;

        /** Returns list of BSP leaves with pvs smaller than
                a certain threshold.
                @param onlyUnmailed if only the unmailed leaves should be considered
                @param maxPvs the maximal pvs of a leaf to be added (-1 means unlimited)
        */
        void CollectLeaves(vector<VspLeaf *> &leaves, 
                                           const bool onlyUnmailed = false,
                                           const int maxPvs = -1) const;

        /** Returns box which bounds the whole tree.
        */
        AxisAlignedBox3 GetBoundingBox()const;

        /** Returns root of the view space partitioning tree.
        */
        VspNode *GetRoot() const;

        /** Collects the leaf view cells of the tree
                @param viewCells returns the view cells 
        */
        void CollectViewCells(ViewCellContainer &viewCells, bool onlyValid) const;

        /** A ray is cast possible intersecting the tree.
                @param the ray that is cast.
                @returns the number of intersections with objects stored in the tree.
        */
        int CastRay(Ray &ray);


        /** finds neighbouring leaves of this tree node.
        */
        int FindNeighbors(VspLeaf *n, 
                                          vector<VspLeaf *> &neighbors, 
                                          const bool onlyUnmailed) const;

        /** Returns random leaf of BSP tree.
                @param halfspace defines the halfspace from which the leaf is taken.
        */
        VspLeaf *GetRandomLeaf(const Plane3 &halfspace);

        /** Returns random leaf of BSP tree.
                @param onlyUnmailed if only unmailed leaves should be returned.
        */
        VspLeaf *GetRandomLeaf(const bool onlyUnmailed = false);

        /** Returns epsilon of this tree.
        */
        float GetEpsilon() const;

        /** Casts line segment into the tree.
                @param origin the origin of the line segment
                @param termination the end point of the line segment
                @returns view cells intersecting the line segment.
        */
    int CastLineSegment(const Vector3 &origin,
                                                const Vector3 &termination,
                                                ViewCellContainer &viewcells);

                
        /** Sets pointer to view cells manager.
        */
        void SetViewCellsManager(ViewCellsManager *vcm);

        /** Returns view cell the current point is located in.
                @param point the current view point
                @param active if currently active view cells should be returned or
                elementary view cell
        */
        ViewCell *GetViewCell(const Vector3 &point, const bool active = false);


        /** Returns true if this view point is in a valid view space,
                false otherwise.
        */
        bool ViewPointValid(const Vector3 &viewPoint) const;

        /** Returns view cell corresponding to 
                the invalid view space.
        */
        VspViewCell *GetOutOfBoundsCell();

        /** Writes tree to output stream
        */
#if ZIPPED_VIEWCELLS
        bool Export(ogzstream &stream);
#else
        bool Export(ofstream &stream);
#endif

        /** Casts beam, i.e. a 5D frustum of rays, into tree.
                Tests conservative using the bounding box of the nodes.
                @returns number of view cells it intersected
        */
        int CastBeam(Beam &beam);


        /** Checks if tree validity-flags are right 
                with respect to view cell valitiy.
                If not, marks subtree as invalid.
        */
        void ValidateTree();

        /** Invalid view cells are added to the unbounded space
        */
        void CollapseViewCells();

        /** Collects rays stored in the leaves.
        */
        void CollectRays(VssRayContainer &rays);

        /** Intersects box with the tree and returns the number of intersected boxes.
                @returns number of view cells found
        */
        int ComputeBoxIntersections(const AxisAlignedBox3 &box, 
                                                                ViewCellContainer &viewCells) const;

        /// pointer to the hierarchy of view cells
        ViewCellsTree *mViewCellsTree;


protected:

        // --------------------------------------------------------------
        // For sorting objects
        // --------------------------------------------------------------
        struct SortableEntry
        {
                enum EType 
                {
                        ERayMin,
                        ERayMax
                };

                int type;
                float value;
                VssRay *ray;
  
                SortableEntry() {}
                SortableEntry(const int t, const float v, VssRay *r):type(t),
                                          value(v), ray(r) 
                {
                }
                
                friend bool operator<(const SortableEntry &a, const SortableEntry &b)
                {
                        return a.value < b.value;
                }
        };

        /** faster evaluation of split plane cost for kd axis aligned cells.
        */
        float EvalLocalSplitCost(const VspTraversalData &data,
                                                         const AxisAlignedBox3 &box,
                                                         const int axis,
                                                         const float &position,
                                                         float &pFront,
                                                         float &pBack) const;

        void PrepareConstruction(const VssRayContainer &sampleRays,
                                                         AxisAlignedBox3 *forcedBoundingBox);

        /** Evaluates candidate for splitting.
        */
        void EvalSplitCandidate(VspTraversalData &tData, VspSplitCandidate &splitData);

        /** Evaluates render cost decrease of next split.
        */
        float EvalRenderCostDecrease(const AxisAlignedPlane &candidatePlane,
                                                                 const VspTraversalData &data) const;

        /** Collects view cells in the subtree under root.
        */
        void CollectViewCells(VspNode *root, 
                                                  bool onlyValid, 
                                                  ViewCellContainer &viewCells,
                                                  bool onlyUnmailed = false) const;

        /** Returns view cell corresponding to 
                the invalid view space. If it does not exist, it is created.
        */
        VspViewCell *GetOrCreateOutOfBoundsCell();

        /** Collapses the tree with respect to the view cell partition,
                i.e. leaves having the same view cell are collapsed.
                @param node the root of the subtree to be collapsed
                @param collapsed returns the number of collapsed nodes
                @returns node of type leaf if the node could be collapsed, 
                this node otherwise
        */
        VspNode *CollapseTree(VspNode *node, int &collapsed);

        /** Helper function revalidating the view cell leaf list after merge.
        */
        void RepairViewCellsLeafLists();

        /** Evaluates tree stats in the BSP tree leafs.
        */
        void EvaluateLeafStats(const VspTraversalData &data);

        /** Subdivides node using a best split priority queue.
            @param tQueue the best split priority queue
                @param splitCandidate the candidate for the next split
                @param globalCriteriaMet if the global termination criteria were already met
                @returns new root of the subtree
        */
        VspNode *Subdivide(SplitQueue &tQueue,
                                           VspSplitCandidate &splitCandidate,
                                           const bool globalCriteriaMet);

        /** Adds stats to subdivision log file.
        */
        void AddSubdivisionStats(const int viewCells,
                                                         const float renderCostDecr,
                                                         const float splitCandidateCost,
                                                         const float totalRenderCost,
                                                         const float avgRenderCost);
        
        /** Subdivides leaf.
                        
                @param tData data object holding, e.g., a pointer to the leaf
                @param frontData returns the data (e.g.,  pointer to the leaf) in front of the split plane
                @param backData returns the data (e.g.,  pointer to the leaf) in the back of the split plane
                
                @param rays the polygons to be filtered
                @param frontRays returns the polygons in front of the split plane
        
                @returns the root of the subdivision
        */
        VspInterior *SubdivideNode(const AxisAlignedPlane &splitPlane,
                                                           VspTraversalData &tData,
                                                           VspTraversalData &frontData,
                               VspTraversalData &backData);

        /** Selects an axis aligned for the next split.
                @returns cost for this split
        */
        float SelectSplitPlane(const VspTraversalData &tData,
                                                   AxisAlignedPlane &plane,
                                                   float &pFront,
                                                   float &pBack);

        /** Sorts split candidates along the specified axis.
                The split candidates are generated on possible visibility
                events (i.e., where ray segments intersect the ray boundaries).
                The sorted candidates are needed to compute the heuristics.

                @param polys the input for choosing split candidates
                @param axis the current split axis
                @param splitCandidates returns sorted list of split candidates
        */
        void SortSplitCandidates(const RayInfoContainer &rays, 
                                                         const int axis, 
                                                         float minBand, 
                                                         float maxBand);

        /** Computes pvs increase with respect to the previous pvs for heuristics.
        */
        int GetPvsIncr(Intersectable *object, const KdPvsMap &activeNodes);

        /** Returns absolute pvs contribution of this object.
        */
        int GetPvsContribution(Intersectable *object) const;

        /** Computes best cost for axis aligned planes.
        */
        float EvalLocalCostHeuristics(const RayInfoContainer &rays,
                                                                  const AxisAlignedBox3 &box,
                                                                  int pvsSize,
                                                                  const int axis,
                                                                  float &position);

        /** Evaluates the influence on the pvs of the visibility event ve.
                @param ve the visibility event
                @param pvsLeft updates the left pvs
                @param rightPvs updates the right pvs
        */
        void EvalPvsIncr(const SortableEntry &ve,
                                          int &pvsLeft,
                                          int &pvsRight) const;

        void RemoveContriFromPvs(KdLeaf *leaf, int &pvs) const;
        void AddContriToPvs(KdLeaf *leaf, int &pvs) const;

        /** Prepares objects for the heuristics.
                @returns pvs size of the ray container
        */
        int PrepareHeuristics(const RayInfoContainer &rays);

        int PrepareHeuristics(Intersectable *object);

        /** Subdivides the rays into front and back rays according to the split plane.
                
                @param plane the split plane
                @param rays contains the rays to be split. The rays are 
                           distributed into front and back rays.
                @param frontRays returns rays on the front side of the plane
                @param backRays returns rays on the back side of the plane
                
                @returns the number of splits
        */
        int SplitRays(const AxisAlignedPlane &plane,
                                  RayInfoContainer &rays, 
                              RayInfoContainer &frontRays, 
                                  RayInfoContainer &backRays) const;

        /** Adds the object to the pvs of the front and back leaf with a given classification.

                @param obj the object to be added
                @param cf the ray classification regarding the split plane
                @param frontPvs returns the PVS of the front partition
                @param backPvs returns the PVS of the back partition
        
        */
        void AddObjToPvs(Intersectable *obj, 
                                         const int cf, 
                                         float &frontPvs, 
                                         float &backPvs, 
                                         float &totalPvs) const;
        
        /** Computes PVS size induced by the rays.
        */
        int ComputePvsSize(const RayInfoContainer &rays) const;
        
        /** Collects pvs from rays.
        */
        void CollectPvs(const RayInfoContainer &rays,
                                        ObjectContainer &objects) const;

        /** Returns true if tree can be terminated.
        */
        inline bool LocalTerminationCriteriaMet(const VspTraversalData &data) const;

        /** Returns true if global tree can be terminated.
        */
        inline bool GlobalTerminationCriteriaMet(const VspTraversalData &data) const;

        /** Adds ray sample contributions to the PVS.
                @param sampleContributions the number contributions of the samples
                @param contributingSampels the number of contributing rays
                
        */
        void AddToPvs(VspLeaf *leaf,
                                  const RayInfoContainer &rays, 
                                  float &sampleContributions,
                                  int &contributingSamples);

        /** Propagates valid flag up the tree.
        */
        void PropagateUpValidity(VspNode *node);

        /** Writes the node to disk
                @note: should be implemented as visitor.
        */
#if ZIPPED_VIEWCELLS
        void ExportNode(VspNode *node, ogzstream &stream);
#else
        void ExportNode(VspNode *node, ofstream &stream);
#endif

        /** Returns estimated memory usage of tree.
        */
        float GetMemUsage() const;

        void ProcessViewCellObjects(ViewCell *parent, ViewCell *front, ViewCell *back) const;

protected:

        int mPvsCountMethod;
        enum {PER_OBJECT, PER_KDLEAF};

        ViewCellsManager *mViewCellsManager;
        vector<SortableEntry> *mSplitCandidates;

        /// Pointer to the root of the tree
        VspNode *mRoot;
                
        VspTreeStatistics mVspStats;
        
        /// View cell corresponding to the space outside the valid view space
        VspViewCell *mOutOfBoundsCell;

        /// box around the whole view domain
        AxisAlignedBox3 mBoundingBox;



        //-- local termination

        /// minimal number of rays before subdivision termination
        int mTermMinRays;
        /// maximal possible depth
        int mTermMaxDepth;
        /// mininum probability
        float mTermMinProbability;
        /// mininum PVS
        int mTermMinPvs;
        /// maximal contribution per ray
        float mTermMaxRayContribution;
        /// maximal acceptable cost ratio
        float mTermMaxCostRatio;
        /// tolerance value indicating how often the max cost ratio can be failed
        int mTermMissTolerance;


        //-- global criteria
        float mTermMinGlobalCostRatio;
        int mTermGlobalCostMissTolerance;
        int mGlobalCostMisses;

        /// maximal number of view cells
        int mMaxViewCells;
        /// maximal tree memory
        float mMaxMemory;
        /// the tree is out of memory
        bool mOutOfMemory;



        //-- split heuristics based parameters
        
        bool mUseCostHeuristics;
        /// balancing factor for PVS criterium
        float mCtDivCi; 
        /// if only driving axis should be used for split
        bool mOnlyDrivingAxis;
        /// if random split axis should be used
        bool mUseRandomAxis;
        /// if vsp bsp tree should simulate octree
        bool mCirculatingAxis;
        /// minimal relative position where the split axis can be placed
        float mMinBand;
        /// maximal relative position where the split axis can be placed
        float mMaxBand;


        /// current time stamp (used for keeping split history)
        int mTimeStamp;
        // if rays should be stored in leaves
        bool mStoreRays;

        /// epsilon for geometric comparisons
        float mEpsilon;


        /// subdivision stats output file
        ofstream  mSubdivisionStats;
        /// keeps track of cost during subdivision
        float mTotalCost;
        /// keeps track of overall pvs size during subdivision
        int mTotalPvsSize;
        /// number of currenly generated view cells
        int mCreatedViewCells;

private:

        /// Generates unique ids for PVS criterium
        static void GenerateUniqueIdsForPvs();

        //-- unique ids for PVS criterium
        static int sFrontId; 
        static int sBackId;
        static int sFrontAndBackId;
};


/** View Space Partitioning tree.
*/
class OspTree 
{
        friend class ViewCellsParseHandlers;
        friend class HierarchyManager;

public:
        
        /** Additional data which is passed down the BSP tree during traversal.
        */
        class OspTraversalData
        {  
        public:
                /// the current node
                KdNode *mNode;
                /// current depth
                int mDepth;
                /// rays piercing this node
                RayInfoContainer *mRays;
                /// the probability that this node contains view point
                float mProbability;
                /// the bounding box of the node
                AxisAlignedBox3 mBoundingBox;
                /// pvs size
                int mPvs;
                /// how often this branch has missed the max-cost ratio
                int mMaxCostMisses;
                // current axis
                int mAxis;
                // current priority
                float mPriority;

                
                /** Returns average ray contribution.
                */
                float GetAvgRayContribution() const
                {
                        return (float)mPvs / ((float)mRays->size() + Limits::Small);
                }


                OspTraversalData():
                mNode(NULL),
                mDepth(0),
                mRays(NULL),
                mPvs(0),
                mProbability(0.0),
                mMaxCostMisses(0), 
                mPriority(0),
                mAxis(0)
                {}
                
                OspTraversalData(KdNode *node, 
                                                 const int depth, 
                                                 RayInfoContainer *rays,
                                                 const int pvs,
                                                 const float p,
                                                 const AxisAlignedBox3 &box):
                mNode(node), 
                mDepth(depth), 
                mRays(rays),
                mPvs(pvs),
                mProbability(p),
                mBoundingBox(box),
                mMaxCostMisses(0),
                mPriority(0),
                mAxis(0)
                {}

                OspTraversalData(const int depth, 
                                                 RayInfoContainer *rays,
                                                 const AxisAlignedBox3 &box): 
                mNode(NULL), 
                mDepth(depth), 
                mRays(rays),
                mPvs(0),
                mProbability(0),
                mMaxCostMisses(0),
                mAxis(0),
                mBoundingBox(box)
                {}

                /** Returns cost of the traversal data.
                */
                float GetCost() const
                {
                        //cout << mPriority << endl;
                        return mPriority;
                }

                // deletes contents and sets them to NULL
                void Clear()
                {
                        DEL_PTR(mRays);
                }

                friend bool operator<(const OspTraversalData &a, const OspTraversalData &b)
                {
                        return a.GetCost() < b.GetCost();
                }
    };

        /** Candidate for a view space split.
        */
        class OspSplitCandidate: public SplitCandidate
        {  
        public:
                /// parent data
                OspTraversalData mParentData;
                
                OspSplitCandidate()
                {};

                int Type() const { return VIEW_SPACE; }

                OspSplitCandidate(const AxisAlignedPlane &plane, const OspTraversalData &tData): 
                SplitCandidate(plane), mParentData(tData)
                {}
        };

        /** Struct for traversing line segment.
        */
        struct LineTraversalData 
        {
                KdNode *mNode;
                Vector3 mExitPoint;
                
                float mMaxT;
    
                LineTraversalData () {}
                LineTraversalData (KdNode *n, const Vector3 &p, const float maxt):
                mNode(n), mExitPoint(p), mMaxT(maxt) {}
        };

        //typedef std::priority_queue<VspTraversalData> VspOspTraversalQueue;

        /** Default constructor creating an empty tree.
        */ 
        OspTree();

        /** Default destructor.
        */
        ~OspTree();

        /** Returns BSP Tree statistics.
        */
        const KdTreeStatistics &GetStatistics() const; 
  
        /** Returns bounding box of the specified node.
        */
        AxisAlignedBox3 GetBoundingBox(KdNode *node) const;

        /** Returns list of BSP leaves with pvs smaller than
                a certain threshold.
                @param onlyUnmailed if only the unmailed leaves should be considered
                @param maxPvs the maximal pvs of a leaf to be added (-1 means unlimited)
        */
        void CollectLeaves(vector<VspLeaf *> &leaves, 
                                           const bool onlyUnmailed = false,
                                           const int maxPvs = -1) const;

        /** Returns box which bounds the whole tree.
        */
        AxisAlignedBox3 GetBoundingBox()const;

        /** Returns root of the view space partitioning tree.
        */
        KdNode *GetRoot() const;

        /** Collects the leaf view cells of the tree
                @param viewCells returns the view cells 
        */
        void CollectViewCells(ViewCellContainer &viewCells, bool onlyValid) const;

        /** A ray is cast possible intersecting the tree.
                @param the ray that is cast.
                @returns the number of intersections with objects stored in the tree.
        */
        int CastRay(Ray &ray);

        /** finds neighbouring leaves of this tree node.
        */
        int FindNeighbors(KdLeaf *n, 
                                          vector<VspLeaf *> &neighbors, 
                                          const bool onlyUnmailed) const;

        /** Returns random leaf of BSP tree.
                @param halfspace defines the halfspace from which the leaf is taken.
        */
        KdLeaf *GetRandomLeaf(const Plane3 &halfspace);

        /** Returns random leaf of BSP tree.
                @param onlyUnmailed if only unmailed leaves should be returned.
        */
        KdLeaf *GetRandomLeaf(const bool onlyUnmailed = false);

        /** Returns epsilon of this tree.
        */
        float GetEpsilon() const;

        /** Casts line segment into the tree.
                @param origin the origin of the line segment
                @param termination the end point of the line segment
                @returns view cells intersecting the line segment.
        */
    int CastLineSegment(const Vector3 &origin,
                                                const Vector3 &termination,
                                                ViewCellContainer &viewcells);
                
        /** Sets pointer to view cells manager.
        */
        void SetViewCellsManager(ViewCellsManager *vcm);

        /** Writes tree to output stream
        */
#if ZIPPED_VIEWCELLS
        bool Export(ogzstream &stream);
#else
        bool Export(ofstream &stream);
#endif

        /** Collects rays stored in the leaves.
        */
        void CollectRays(VssRayContainer &rays);

        /** Intersects box with the tree and returns the number of intersected boxes.
                @returns number of view cells found
        */
        int ComputeBoxIntersections(const AxisAlignedBox3 &box, 
                                                                ViewCellContainer &viewCells) const;


        /// pointer to the hierarchy of view cells
        ViewCellsTree *mViewCellsTree;


protected:

        // --------------------------------------------------------------
        // For sorting objects
        // --------------------------------------------------------------
        struct  SortableEntry
        {
                enum
                {
                        BOX_MIN,
                        BOX_MAX
                };

                int type;
                float value;
                Intersectable *mObject;

                SortableEntry() {}

                SortableEntry(const int t, const float v, Intersectable *obj):
                type(t), value(v), mObject(obj) 
                {}

                bool operator<(const SortableEntry &b) const 
                {
                        return value < b.value;
                }
        };

 
        /** faster evaluation of split plane cost for kd axis aligned cells.
        */
        float EvalLocalSplitCost(const OspTraversalData &data,
                                                         const AxisAlignedBox3 &box,
                                                         const int axis,
                                                         const float &position,
                                                         float &pFront,
                                                         float &pBack) const;

        /** Evaluates candidate for splitting.
        */
        void EvalSplitCandidate(OspTraversalData &tData, OspSplitCandidate &splitData);

        /** Computes priority of the traversal data and stores it in tData.
        */
        void EvalPriority(OspTraversalData &tData) const;

        /** Evaluates render cost decrease of next split.
        */
        float EvalRenderCostDecrease(const AxisAlignedPlane &candidatePlane,
                                                                 const OspTraversalData &data) const;

        float EvalViewCellPvsIncr(Intersectable *object) const;


        /** Collects view cells in the subtree under root.
        */
        void CollectViewCells(KdNode *root, 
                                                  bool onlyValid, 
                                                  ViewCellContainer &viewCells,
                                                  bool onlyUnmailed = false) const;

        /** Evaluates tree stats in the BSP tree leafs.
        */
        void EvaluateLeafStats(const OspTraversalData &data);

        /** Subdivides node using a best split priority queue.
            @param tQueue the best split priority queue
                @param splitCandidate the candidate for the next split
                @param globalCriteriaMet if the global termination criteria were already met
                @returns new root of the subtree
        */
        KdNode *Subdivide(SplitQueue &tQueue,
                                          OspSplitCandidate &splitCandidate,
                                          const bool globalCriteriaMet);
        
        /** Subdivides leaf.
                @param leaf the leaf to be subdivided
                
                @param polys the polygons to be split
                @param frontPolys returns the polygons in front of the split plane
                @param backPolys returns the polygons in the back of the split plane
                
                @param rays the polygons to be filtered
                @param frontRays returns the polygons in front of the split plane
                @param backRays returns the polygons in the back of the split plane

                @returns the root of the subdivision
        */
        void SplitObjects(const AxisAlignedPlane & splitPlane,
                                          const ObjectContainer &objects,
                                          ObjectContainer &back,
                                          ObjectContainer &front);

        KdInterior *SubdivideNode(KdLeaf *leaf,
                                                          const AxisAlignedPlane &splitPlane,
                                                          const AxisAlignedBox3 &box,
                                                          AxisAlignedBox3 &backBBox,
                                                          AxisAlignedBox3 &frontBBox);

        void ProcessLeafObjects(KdLeaf *leaf, KdLeaf *parent) const;

        /** Selects an axis aligned for the next split.
                @returns cost for this split
        */
        float SelectPlane(const OspTraversalData &tData,
                                          AxisAlignedPlane &plane,
                                          float &pFront,
                                          float &pBack);

        /** Sorts split candidates for cost heuristics using axis aligned splits.
                @param node the current node
                @param axis the current split axis
        */
        void SortSplitCandidates(KdLeaf *node, const int axis);

        /** Computes best cost for axis aligned planes.
        */
        float EvalLocalCostHeuristics(KdLeaf *node,
                const AxisAlignedBox3 &box,
                const int axis,
                float &position,
                int &objectsBack,
                int &objectsFront);

        /** Subdivides the rays into front and back rays according to the split plane.
                
                @param plane the split plane
                @param rays contains the rays to be split. The rays are 
                           distributed into front and back rays.
                @param frontRays returns rays on the front side of the plane
                @param backRays returns rays on the back side of the plane
                
                @returns the number of splits
        */
        int SplitRays(const AxisAlignedPlane &plane,
                                  RayInfoContainer &rays, 
                              RayInfoContainer &frontRays, 
                                  RayInfoContainer &backRays) const;

        /** Adds the object to the pvs of the front and back leaf with a given classification.

                @param obj the object to be added
                @param cf the ray classification regarding the split plane
                @param frontPvs returns the PVS of the front partition
                @param backPvs returns the PVS of the back partition
        
        */
        void AddObjToPvs(Intersectable *obj, 
                                         const int cf, 
                                         float &frontPvs, 
                                         float &backPvs, 
                                         float &totalPvs) const;
        
        /** Computes PVS size induced by the rays.
        */
        int ComputePvsSize(const RayInfoContainer &rays) const;

        /** Returns true if tree can be terminated.
        */
        inline bool LocalTerminationCriteriaMet(const OspTraversalData &data) const;

        /** Returns true if global tree can be terminated.
        */
        inline bool GlobalTerminationCriteriaMet(const OspTraversalData &data) const;

        float SelectSplitPlane(const OspTraversalData &tData,
                AxisAlignedPlane &plane,
                float &pFront,
                float &pBack);
        /** Adds ray sample contributions to the PVS.
                @param sampleContributions the number contributions of the samples
                @param contributingSampels the number of contributing rays
                
        */
        void AddToPvs(VspLeaf *leaf,
                                  const RayInfoContainer &rays, 
                                  float &sampleContributions,
                                  int &contributingSamples);

        /** Propagates valid flag up the tree.
        */
        void PropagateUpValidity(KdNode *node);

        /** Writes the node to disk
                @note: should be implemented as visitor.
        */
#if ZIPPED_VIEWCELLS
        void ExportNode(KdNode *node, ogzstream &stream);
#else
        void ExportNode(KdNode *node, ofstream &stream);
#endif

        /** Returns estimated memory usage of tree.
        */
        float GetMemUsage() const;

        /** Evaluates the influence on the pvs of the visibility event ve.
                @param ve the visibility event
                @param pvsLeft updates the left pvs
                @param rightPvs updates the right pvs
        */
        void EvalPvsIncr(const SortableEntry &ve,
                                          int &pvsLeft,
                                          int &pvsRight) const;

        void RemoveContriFromPvs(Intersectable *object, int &pvs) const;
        void AddContriToPvs(Intersectable *object, int &pvs) const;

        /** Prepares objects for the cost heuristics.
                @returns pvs size of the node
        */
        int PrepareHeuristics(const ObjectContainer &objects);

        int PrepareHeuristics(Intersectable *object);

        void PrepareConstruction(const ObjectContainer &objects,
                AxisAlignedBox3 *forcedBoundingBox);


protected:

        ViewCellsManager *mViewCellsManager;
        vector<SortableEntry> *mSplitCandidates;

        /// Pointer to the root of the tree
        KdNode *mRoot;
                
        OspTreeStatistics mOspStats;
        
        /// box around the whole view domain
        AxisAlignedBox3 mBoundingBox;


        //-- local termination

        /// minimal number of rays before subdivision termination
        int mTermMinRays;
        /// maximal possible depth
        int mTermMaxDepth;
        /// mininum probability
        float mTermMinProbability;
        /// mininum PVS
        int mTermMinPvs;
        /// maximal contribution per ray
        float mTermMaxRayContribution;
        /// maximal acceptable cost ratio
        float mTermMaxCostRatio;
        /// tolerance value indicating how often the max cost ratio can be failed
        int mTermMissTolerance;


        //-- global criteria
        float mTermMinGlobalCostRatio;
        int mTermGlobalCostMissTolerance;
        int mGlobalCostMisses;

        /// maximal number of view cells
        int mMaxViewCells;
        /// maximal tree memory
        float mMaxMemory;
        /// the tree is out of memory
        bool mOutOfMemory;



        //-- split heuristics based parameters
        
        bool mUseCostHeuristics;
        /// balancing factor for PVS criterium
        float mCtDivCi; 
        /// if only driving axis should be used for split
        bool mOnlyDrivingAxis;
        /// if random split axis should be used
        bool mUseRandomAxis;
        /// if vsp bsp tree should simulate octree
        bool mCirculatingAxis;
        /// minimal relative position where the split axis can be placed
        float mMinBand;
        /// maximal relative position where the split axis can be placed
        float mMaxBand;


        /// current time stamp (used for keeping split history)
        int mTimeStamp;
        // if rays should be stored in leaves
        bool mStoreRays;

        /// epsilon for geometric comparisons
        float mEpsilon;


        /// subdivision stats output file
        ofstream  mSubdivisionStats;
        /// keeps track of cost during subdivision
        float mTotalCost;
        /// keeps track of overall pvs size during subdivision
        int mTotalPvsSize;
        /// number of currenly generated view cells
        int mCreatedViewCells;

        float mSplitBorder;


private:

        /// Generates unique ids for PVS criterium
        static void GenerateUniqueIdsForPvs();

        //-- unique ids for PVS criterium
        static int sFrontId; 
        static int sBackId;
        static int sFrontAndBackId;
};


/** This class implements a structure holding two different hierarchies,
        one for object space partitioning and one for view space partitioning.

        The object space and the view space are subdivided using a cost heuristics.
        If an object space split or a view space split is chosen is also evaluated
        based on the heuristics. 
        
        The view space heuristics is evaluated by weighting and adding the pvss of the back and
        front node of each specific split. unlike for the standalone method vspbsp tree,
        the pvs of an object would not be the pvs of single object but that of all objects
        which are contained in the same leaf of the object subdivision. This could be done
        by storing the pointer to the object space partition parent, which would allow access to all children.
        Another possibility is to include traced kd-cells in the ray casing process.

        Accordingly, the object space heuristics is evaluated by storing a pvs of view cells with each object.
        the contribution to an object to the pvs is the number of view cells it can be seen from.

        @note
        There is a potential efficiency problem involved in a sense that once a certain type
        of split is chosen for view space / object space, the candidates for the next split of 
        object space / view space must be reevaluated.
        
*/
class HierarchyManager
{
public:
        /** Constructor taking an object space partition and a view space partition tree.
        */
        HierarchyManager(VspTree &vspTree, OspTree &ospTree);

        /** Constructs the view space and object space subdivision from a given set of rays
                and a set of objects.
                @param sampleRays the set of sample rays the construction is based on
                @param objects the set of objects
        */
        void Construct(const VssRayContainer &sampleRays,
                                   const ObjectContainer &objects,
                                   AxisAlignedBox3 *forcedViewSpace);

public:
        VspTree &mVspTree;
        OspTree &mOspTree;

protected:

        bool GlobalTerminationCriteriaMet(SplitCandidate *candidate) const;

        void PrepareConstruction(const VssRayContainer &sampleRays,
                                                         const ObjectContainer &objects,
                                                         AxisAlignedBox3 *forcedViewSpace,
                                                         RayInfoContainer &rays);

        bool FinishedConstruction();
        SplitCandidate *NextSplitCandidate();

        void RepairQueue();

        AxisAlignedBox3 mBoundingBox;

        SplitQueue mTQueue;

        //-- global criteria
        float mTermMinGlobalCostRatio;
        int mTermGlobalCostMissTolerance;
        int mGlobalCostMisses;

        /// keeps track of cost during subdivision
        float mTotalCost;
};

/** Implements a heap for split candidates.
*/
class SplitHeap
{
        SplitHeap();

        void Push(SplitCandidate *candidate);
    
        SplitCandidate *Pop();

        void Remove(SplitCandidate *candidate);

        void InsertTail(SplitCandidate *candidate);
    
        bool HeapViolated(SplitCandidate *candidate);

        SplitCandidate *mRoot;
};

}

#endif