source: GTP/trunk/Lib/Vis/Preprocessing/src/GvsPreprocessor.cpp @ 2690

#include "Environment.h"
#include "GvsPreprocessor.h"
#include "GlRenderer.h"
#include "VssRay.h"
#include "ViewCellsManager.h"
#include "Triangle3.h"
#include "IntersectableWrapper.h"
#include "Plane3.h"
#include "RayCaster.h"
#include "Exporter.h"
#include "SamplingStrategy.h"
#include "BvHierarchy.h"
#include "Polygon3.h"
#include "IntersectableWrapper.h"



namespace GtpVisibilityPreprocessor
{
  
#define GVS_DEBUG 0
#define NOT_ACCOUNTED_OBJECT 0
#define ACCOUNTED_OBJECT 2
#define SHOW_QT_VISUALIZATION 0

static const float MIN_DIST = 0.001f;

static ObjectContainer myobjects;


/** Visualization structure for the GVS algorithm.
*/
struct VizStruct
{
        Polygon3 *enlargedTriangle;
        Triangle3 originalTriangle;
        VssRay *ray;
};

static vector<VizStruct> vizContainer;




GvsPreprocessor::GvsPreprocessor(): 
Preprocessor(), 
mSamplingType(SamplingStrategy::VIEWCELL_BASED_DISTRIBUTION),
mProcessedViewCells(0),
mCurrentViewCell(NULL),
mCurrentViewPoint(Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f))
{
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetIntValue("GvsPreprocessor.totalSamples", mTotalSamples);
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetIntValue("GvsPreprocessor.initialSamples", mInitialSamples);
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetIntValue("GvsPreprocessor.gvsSamplesPerPass", mGvsSamplesPerPass);
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetIntValue("GvsPreprocessor.minContribution", mMinContribution);
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetFloatValue("GvsPreprocessor.epsilon", mEps);
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetFloatValue("GvsPreprocessor.threshold", mThreshold);    
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetBoolValue("GvsPreprocessor.perViewCell", mPerViewCell);
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetIntValue("GvsPreprocessor.maxViewCells", mMaxViewCells);

        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetBoolValue("Preprocessor.evaluatePixelError", mEvaluatePixelError);

        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetBoolValue("ViewCells.useKdPvs", mUseKdPvs);


        char gvsStatsLog[100];
        Environment::GetSingleton()->GetStringValue("GvsPreprocessor.stats", gvsStatsLog);
        mGvsStatsStream.open(gvsStatsLog);

        cout << "number of gvs samples per pass: " << mGvsSamplesPerPass << endl;
        cout << "number of samples per pass: " << mSamplesPerPass << endl;

        Debug << "Gvs preprocessor options" << endl;
        Debug << "number of total samples: " << mTotalSamples << endl;
        Debug << "number of initial samples: " << mInitialSamples << endl;
        Debug << "threshold: " << mThreshold << endl;
        Debug << "epsilon: " << mEps << endl;
        Debug << "stats: " << gvsStatsLog << endl;
        Debug << "per view cell: " << mPerViewCell << endl;
        Debug << "max view cells: " << mMaxViewCells << endl;
        Debug << "min contribution: " << mMinContribution << endl;

        if (1)
                mOnlyRandomSampling = false;            
        else
                mOnlyRandomSampling = true;

        mGvsStats.Reset();

        // hack: some generic statistical values that can be read
        // by an application using the preprocessor
        mGenericStats = 0;
        mGenericStats2 = 0;
}


GvsPreprocessor::~GvsPreprocessor()
{
        ClearRayQueue();
}


void GvsPreprocessor::ClearRayQueue()
{
        // clean ray queue
        while (!mRayQueue.empty())
        {
                // handle next ray
                VssRay *ray = mRayQueue.top();
                mRayQueue.pop();

                //delete ray;
        }
}


ViewCell *GvsPreprocessor::NextViewCell()
{
        if (mProcessedViewCells == (int)mViewCells.size())
                return NULL; // no more view cells

        ViewCell *vc = mViewCells[mProcessedViewCells];

   if (!vc->GetMesh())
                mViewCellsManager->CreateMesh(vc);

        mGvsStats.mViewCellId = vc->GetId();

        Debug << "vc: " << vc->GetId() << endl;

        ++ mProcessedViewCells;
    
        return vc;
}


int GvsPreprocessor::CheckDiscontinuity(const VssRay &currentRay,
                                                                                const Triangle3 &hitTriangle,
                                                                                const VssRay &oldRay)
{
        // the predicted hitpoint: we expect to hit the same mesh again
        const Vector3 predictedHit = CalcPredictedHitPoint(currentRay, hitTriangle, oldRay);

        const float predictedLen = Magnitude(predictedHit - currentRay.mOrigin);
        const float len = Magnitude(currentRay.mTermination - currentRay.mOrigin);
        
        // distance large => this is likely to be a discontinuity
#if 1
        if ((predictedLen - len) > mThreshold)
#else // rather use relative distance
        if ((predictedLen / len) > mThreshold)
#endif
        {
                // apply reverse sampling to find the gap
                VssRay *newRay = ReverseSampling(currentRay, hitTriangle, oldRay);

                if (!newRay)
                        return 1;

                // set flag for visualization
                if (0) newRay->mFlags |= VssRay::ReverseSample;
                
                // check if ray is not further processed (ray not deleted because using ray pool)
                HandleRay(newRay);
                
                return 1;
        }

        return 0;
}


void GvsPreprocessor::CountObject(Intersectable *triObj)
{
        if ((triObj->mCounter != (NOT_ACCOUNTED_OBJECT + 1)) && 
                (triObj->mCounter != (ACCOUNTED_OBJECT + 1)))
        {
                ++ triObj->mCounter;
                ++ mGenericStats2;
        }
}


void GvsPreprocessor::UpdateStatsForVisualization(KdIntersectable *kdInt)
{
        //mViewCellsManager->UpdateStatsForViewCell(mCurrentViewCell, kdInt);

        // count new objects in pvs due to kd node conversion   
        myobjects.clear();
        mKdTree->CollectObjects(kdInt->GetItem(), myobjects);

        ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = myobjects.end();

        for (oit = myobjects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
                CountObject(*oit);
}       


bool GvsPreprocessor::HasContribution(VssRay &ray)
{
        if (!ray.mTerminationObject)
                return false;

        bool result;

        if (!mPerViewCell)
        {
                // store the rays + the intersected view cells
                const bool storeViewCells = false; //GVS_DEBUG;

                mViewCellsManager->ComputeSampleContribution(ray, 
                                                                                                         true, 
                                                                                                         storeViewCells,
                                                                                                         true);

                result = ray.mPvsContribution > 0;
        }
        else // original per view cell gvs
        {
                Intersectable *obj = ray.mTerminationObject;

                // counter < 2 => not accounted for yet
                        // test of triangle was accounted for yet
                if (result = AddTriangleObject(obj))
                {
                        // exchange the triangle with the node in the pvs for kd pvs
                        if (mUseKdPvs)
                        {
                                KdNode *node = mKdTree->GetPvsNode(ray.mTermination);

                                if (!node->Mailed())
                                {
                                        // add to pvs
                                        node->Mail();
                                        KdIntersectable *kdInt = mKdTree->GetOrCreateKdIntersectable(node);
                                        mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().AddSampleDirty(kdInt, 1.0f);
                                
                                        if (SHOW_QT_VISUALIZATION) UpdateStatsForVisualization(kdInt);  
                                }
                        }

                        result = true;
                }
                else
                {
                        result = false;
                }
        }

        return result;
}


bool GvsPreprocessor::HandleRay(VssRay *vssRay)
{
        if (!HasContribution(*vssRay))
                return false;

//      cout << "t";
        if (0 && GVS_DEBUG)
                mVssRays.push_back(new VssRay(*vssRay));

        // add new ray to ray queue
        mRayQueue.push(vssRay);

        ++ mGvsStats.mTotalContribution;

        return true;
}


/** Creates 3 new vertices for triangle vertex with specified index.
*/
void GvsPreprocessor::CreateDisplacedVertices(VertexContainer &vertices,
                                                                                          const Triangle3 &hitTriangle,
                                                                                          const VssRay &ray, 
                                                                                          const int index) const
{
        const int indexU = (index + 1) % 3;
        const int indexL = (index == 0) ? 2 : index - 1;

        const Vector3 a = hitTriangle.mVertices[index] - ray.GetOrigin();
        const Vector3 b = hitTriangle.mVertices[indexU] - hitTriangle.mVertices[index];
        const Vector3 c = hitTriangle.mVertices[index] - hitTriangle.mVertices[indexL];
        
        const float len = Magnitude(a);
        
        const Vector3 dir1 = Normalize(CrossProd(a, b)); //N((pi-xp)×(pi+1- pi));
        const Vector3 dir2 = Normalize(CrossProd(a, c)); // N((pi-xp)×(pi- pi-1))
        const Vector3 dir3 = DotProd(dir2, dir1) > 0 ? // N((pi-xp)×di,i-1+di,i+1×(pi-xp))
                Normalize(dir2 + dir1) : Normalize(CrossProd(a, dir1) + CrossProd(dir2, a)); 

        // compute the new three hit points
        // pi, i + 1:  pi+ e·|pi-xp|·di, j
        const Vector3 pt1 = hitTriangle.mVertices[index] + mEps * len * dir1;
        // pi, i - 1:  pi+ e·|pi-xp|·di, j
    const Vector3 pt2 = hitTriangle.mVertices[index] + mEps * len * dir2;
        // pi, i:  pi+ e·|pi-xp|·di, j
        const Vector3 pt3 = hitTriangle.mVertices[index] + mEps * len * dir3;
        
        vertices.push_back(pt2);
        vertices.push_back(pt3);
        vertices.push_back(pt1);
}


void GvsPreprocessor::EnlargeTriangle(VertexContainer &vertices,
                                                                          const Triangle3 &hitTriangle,
                                                                          const VssRay &ray) const
{
        CreateDisplacedVertices(vertices, hitTriangle, ray, 0);
        CreateDisplacedVertices(vertices, hitTriangle, ray, 1);
        CreateDisplacedVertices(vertices, hitTriangle, ray, 2);
}


Vector3 GvsPreprocessor::CalcPredictedHitPoint(const VssRay &newRay, 
                                                                                           const Triangle3 &hitTriangle,
                                                                                           const VssRay &oldRay) const
{
        // find the intersection of the plane induced by the 
        // hit triangle with the new ray
        Plane3 plane(hitTriangle.GetNormal(), hitTriangle.mVertices[0]);

        const Vector3 hitPt = 
                plane.FindIntersection(newRay.mTermination, newRay.mOrigin);
        
        return hitPt;
}


static bool EqualVisibility(const VssRay &a, const VssRay &b)
{
        return a.mTerminationObject == b.mTerminationObject;
}


int GvsPreprocessor::SubdivideEdge(const Triangle3 &hitTriangle,
                                                                   const Vector3 &p1, 
                                                                   const Vector3 &p2, 
                                                                   const VssRay &ray1, 
                                                                   const VssRay &ray2,
                                                                   const VssRay &oldRay)
{
        //cout <<"y"<<Magnitude(p1 - p2) << " ";
        int castRays = 0;

        // cast reverse rays if necessary
        castRays += CheckDiscontinuity(ray1, hitTriangle, oldRay);
        castRays += CheckDiscontinuity(ray2, hitTriangle, oldRay);

        if (EqualVisibility(ray1, ray2) || (SqrMagnitude(p1 - p2) <= MIN_DIST))
        {
                return castRays;
        }
        
        // the new subdivision point
        const Vector3 p = (p1 + p2) * 0.5f;
        //cout << "p: " << p << " " << p1 << " " << p2 << endl;
        // cast ray into the new point
        SimpleRay sray(oldRay.mOrigin, p - oldRay.mOrigin, SamplingStrategy::GVS, 1.0f);

        VssRay *newRay = mRayCaster->CastRay(sray, mViewCellsManager->GetViewSpaceBox(), !mPerViewCell);
        
        ++ castRays;

        if (!newRay) return castRays;

        //newRay->mFlags |= VssRay::BorderSample;

        // add new ray to queue
        const bool enqueued = HandleRay(newRay);

        // subdivide further
        castRays += SubdivideEdge(hitTriangle, p1, p, ray1, *newRay, oldRay);
        castRays += SubdivideEdge(hitTriangle, p, p2, *newRay, ray2, oldRay);

        // this ray will not be further processed
        //if (!enqueued) delete newRay;

        return castRays;
}


int GvsPreprocessor::AdaptiveBorderSampling(const VssRay &currentRay)
{
        Intersectable *tObj = currentRay.mTerminationObject;
        // q matt: can this be possible
        if (!tObj) return 0;

        Triangle3 hitTriangle;

        // other types not implemented yet
        if (tObj->Type() == Intersectable::TRIANGLE_INTERSECTABLE)
                hitTriangle = static_cast<TriangleIntersectable *>(tObj)->GetItem();
        else
                cout << "border sampling: " << Intersectable::GetTypeName(tObj) << " not yet implemented" << endl;

        //cout << "type: " << Intersectable::GetTypeName(tObj) << endl;

        VertexContainer enlargedTriangle;
        
        /// create 3 new hit points for each vertex
        EnlargeTriangle(enlargedTriangle, hitTriangle, currentRay);
        
        /// create rays from sample points and handle them
        SimpleRayContainer simpleRays;
        simpleRays.reserve(9);

        VertexContainer::const_iterator vit, vit_end = enlargedTriangle.end();

        for (vit = enlargedTriangle.begin(); vit != vit_end; ++ vit)
        {
                const Vector3 rayDir = (*vit) - currentRay.GetOrigin();

                SimpleRay sr(currentRay.GetOrigin(), rayDir, SamplingStrategy::GVS, 1.0f);
                simpleRays.AddRay(sr);  
        }

        if (0)
        {
                // visualize enlarged triangles
                VizStruct dummy;
                dummy.enlargedTriangle = new Polygon3(enlargedTriangle);
                dummy.originalTriangle = hitTriangle;
                vizContainer.push_back(dummy);
        }

        // cast rays to triangle vertices and determine visibility
        VssRayContainer vssRays;

        // don't cast double rays as we need only the forward rays
        const bool castDoubleRays = !mPerViewCell;
        // cannot prune invalid rays because we have to compare adjacent  rays.
        const bool pruneInvalidRays = false;


        //////////
        //-- fill up simple rays with random rays so we can cast 16

        //const int numRandomRays = 0;
        const int numRandomRays = 16 - (int)simpleRays.size();
        ViewCellBasedDistribution vcStrat(*this, mCurrentViewCell);

        GenerateRays(numRandomRays, vcStrat, simpleRays);


        /////////////////////

        // keep origin for per view cell sampling
        CastRays(simpleRays, vssRays, castDoubleRays, pruneInvalidRays);

        const int numBorderSamples = (int)vssRays.size() - numRandomRays;

#if 0
        // set flags
        VssRayContainer::const_iterator rit, rit_end = vssRays.end();
        for (rit = vssRays.begin(); rit != rit_end; ++ rit, ++ i)
                (*rit)->mFlags |= VssRay::BorderSample;
#endif

        int castRays = (int)simpleRays.size();

        VssRayContainer invalidSamples;

        // handle rays
        EnqueueRays(vssRays, invalidSamples);

    // recursivly subdivide each edge
        for (int i = 0; i < numBorderSamples; ++ i)
        {
                castRays += SubdivideEdge(hitTriangle,
                                                                  enlargedTriangle[i], 
                                                                  enlargedTriangle[(i + 1) % numBorderSamples], 
                                                                  *vssRays[i], 
                                                                  *vssRays[(i + 1) % numBorderSamples],
                                                                  currentRay);
        }
        
        mGvsStats.mBorderSamples += castRays;

        //CLEAR_CONTAINER(invalidSamples);
        
        //cout << "here3 cast rays: " << castRays << endl;
        return castRays;
}


bool GvsPreprocessor::GetPassingPoint(const VssRay &currentRay,
                                                                          const Triangle3 &occluder,
                                                                          const VssRay &oldRay,
                                                                          Vector3 &newPoint) const
{
        //-- The plane p = (xp, hit(x), hit(xold)) is intersected
        //-- with the newly found occluder (xold is the previous ray from
        //-- which x was generated). On the intersecting line, we select a point
        //-- pnew which lies just outside of the new triangle so the ray
        //-- just passes through the gap

        const Plane3 plane(currentRay.GetOrigin(), 
                                           currentRay.GetTermination(), 
                                           oldRay.GetTermination());
        
        Vector3 pt1, pt2;

        const bool intersects = occluder.GetPlaneIntersection(plane, pt1, pt2);

        if (!intersects)
        {
                //cerr << "big error!! no intersection " << pt1 << " " << pt2 << endl;
                return false;
        }

        // get the intersection point on the old ray
        const Plane3 triPlane(occluder.GetNormal(), occluder.mVertices[0]);

        const float t = triPlane.FindT(oldRay.mOrigin, oldRay.mTermination);
        const Vector3 pt3 = oldRay.mOrigin + t * (oldRay.mTermination - oldRay.mOrigin);

        // Evaluate new hitpoint just outside the triangle
        const float eps = mEps;

        // the point is chosen to be on the side closer to the original ray
        if (Distance(pt1, pt3) < Distance(pt2, pt3))
                newPoint = pt1 + eps * (pt1 - pt2);
        else
                newPoint = pt2 + eps * (pt2 - pt1);

        //cout << "passing point: " << newPoint << endl << endl;
        return true;
}


VssRay *GvsPreprocessor::ReverseSampling(const VssRay &currentRay,
                                                                                 const Triangle3 &hitTriangle,
                                                                                 const VssRay &oldRay)
{
        // get triangle occluding the path to the hit mesh
        Triangle3 occluder;
        Intersectable *tObj = currentRay.mTerminationObject;

        // q: why can this happen?
        if (!tObj)
                return NULL;

        // other types not implemented yet
        if (tObj->Type() == Intersectable::TRIANGLE_INTERSECTABLE)
        {
                occluder = static_cast<TriangleIntersectable *>(tObj)->GetItem();
        }
        else
        {
                cout << "reverse sampling: " << tObj->Type() << " not yet implemented" << endl;
        }
        // get a point which is passing just outside of the occluder
    Vector3 newPoint;

        // why is there sometimes no intersecton found?
        if (!GetPassingPoint(currentRay, occluder, oldRay, newPoint))
                return NULL;

        const Vector3 predicted = CalcPredictedHitPoint(currentRay, hitTriangle, oldRay);

        Vector3 newDir, newOrigin;

        //-- Construct the mutated ray with xnew,
        //-- dir = predicted(x)- pnew as direction vector
        newDir = predicted - newPoint;

        // take xnew, p = intersect(viewcell, line(pnew, predicted(x)) as origin ?
        // difficult to say!!
        const float offset = 0.5f;
        newOrigin = newPoint - newDir * offset;
        
        //////////////
        //-- for per view cell sampling, we must check for intersection
        //-- with the current view cell

    if (mPerViewCell)
        {
                // send ray to view cell
                static Ray ray;
                ray.Clear();
                ray.Init(newOrigin, -newDir, Ray::LOCAL_RAY);
                
                //cout << "z";
                // check if ray intersects view cell
                if (!mCurrentViewCell->CastRay(ray))
                        return NULL;

                Ray::Intersection &hit = ray.intersections[0];
        
                //cout << "q";
                // the ray starts from the view cell
                newOrigin = ray.Extrap(hit.mT);
        }

        const SimpleRay simpleRay(newOrigin, newDir, SamplingStrategy::GVS, 1.0f);

        VssRay *reverseRay = 
                mRayCaster->CastRay(simpleRay, mViewCellsManager->GetViewSpaceBox(), !mPerViewCell);

    ++ mGvsStats.mReverseSamples;

        return reverseRay;
}


int GvsPreprocessor::CastInitialSamples(const int numSamples, 
                                                                                const int sampleType)
{       
        const long startTime = GetTime();

        // generate simple rays
        SimpleRayContainer simpleRays;
        
        ViewCellBasedDistribution vcStrat(*this, mCurrentViewCell);
    GenerateRays(numSamples, vcStrat, simpleRays);

        //cout << "sr: " << simpleRays.size() << endl;
        // generate vss rays
        VssRayContainer samples;
        
        const bool castDoubleRays = !mPerViewCell;
        const bool pruneInvalidRays = true;
        
        CastRays(simpleRays, samples, castDoubleRays, pruneInvalidRays);
        
        VssRayContainer invalidSamples;

        // add to ray queue
        EnqueueRays(samples, invalidSamples);

        //CLEAR_CONTAINER(invalidSamples);
        //Debug << "generated " <<  numSamples << " samples in " << TimeDiff(startTime, GetTime()) * 1e-3 << " secs" << endl;
        return (int)simpleRays.size();
}


void GvsPreprocessor::EnqueueRays(VssRayContainer &samples, VssRayContainer &invalidSamples)
{
        // add samples to ray queue
        VssRayContainer::const_iterator vit, vit_end = samples.end();
        for (vit = samples.begin(); vit != vit_end; ++ vit)
        {
                VssRay *ray = *vit;

                HandleRay(ray);
                //if (!HandleRay(ray)) invalidSamples.push_back(ray);
        }
}


int GvsPreprocessor::ProcessQueue()
{
        ++ mGvsStats.mGvsPass;

        int castSamples = 0;

        while (!mRayQueue.empty())//&& (mGvsStats.mTotalSamples + castSamples < mTotalSamples) )
        {
                // handle next ray
                VssRay *ray = mRayQueue.top();
                mRayQueue.pop();
                
                const int newSamples = AdaptiveBorderSampling(*ray);

                castSamples += newSamples;
                // note: don't have to delete because handled by ray pool
        }

        /*if (mRayCaster->mVssRayPool.mIndex > mSamplesPerPass)
        {
                cout << "warning: new samples: " << castSamples << " " << "queue: "  << (int)mRayQueue.size() << endl;
                Debug << "warning: new samples: " << castSamples << " " << "queue: "  << (int)mRayQueue.size() << endl;
        }*/

        return castSamples;
}


void ExportVssRays(Exporter *exporter, const VssRayContainer &vssRays)
{
        VssRayContainer vcRays, vcRays2, vcRays3;

        VssRayContainer::const_iterator rit, rit_end = vssRays.end();

        // prepare some rays for output
        for (rit = vssRays.begin(); rit != rit_end; ++ rit)
        {
                //const float p = RandomValue(0.0f, (float)vssRays.size());

                if (1)//(p < raysOut)
                {
                        if ((*rit)->mFlags & VssRay::BorderSample)
                        {
                                vcRays.push_back(*rit);
                        }
                        else if ((*rit)->mFlags & VssRay::ReverseSample)
                        {
                                vcRays2.push_back(*rit);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                vcRays3.push_back(*rit);
                        }       
                }
        }

        exporter->ExportRays(vcRays, RgbColor(1, 0, 0));
        exporter->ExportRays(vcRays2, RgbColor(0, 1, 0));
        exporter->ExportRays(vcRays3, RgbColor(1, 1, 1));
}


void GvsPreprocessor::VisualizeViewCell(const ObjectContainer &objects)
{
    Intersectable::NewMail();
        Material m;
        
        char str[64]; sprintf(str, "pass%06d.wrl", mProcessedViewCells);

        Exporter *exporter = Exporter::GetExporter(str);
        if (!exporter)
                return;

        ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = objects.end();

        for (oit = objects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
        {
                Intersectable *intersect = *oit;
                
                m = RandomMaterial();
                exporter->SetForcedMaterial(m);
                exporter->ExportIntersectable(intersect);
        }

        cout << "vssrays: " << (int)mVssRays.size() << endl;
        ExportVssRays(exporter, mVssRays);


        /////////////////
        //-- export view cell geometry

        //exporter->SetWireframe();

        m.mDiffuseColor = RgbColor(0, 1, 0);
        exporter->SetForcedMaterial(m);

        //mViewCellsManager->ExportViewCellGeometry(exporter, vc, NULL, NULL);
        //mViewCellsManager->ExportViewCellGeometry(exporter, mCurrentViewCell, NULL, NULL);

        AxisAlignedBox3 bbox = mCurrentViewCell->GetMesh()->mBox;
        exporter->ExportBox(bbox);
        //exporter->SetFilled();

        delete exporter;
}


void GvsPreprocessor::VisualizeViewCells()
{
        char str[64]; sprintf(str, "tmp/pass%06d_%04d-", mProcessedViewCells, mPass);
                        
        // visualization
        if (mGvsStats.mPassContribution > 0)
        {
                const bool exportRays = true;
                const bool exportPvs = true;

                mViewCellsManager->ExportSingleViewCells(mObjects, 
                                                                                                 10, 
                                                                                                 false, 
                                                                                                 exportPvs, 
                                                                                                 exportRays, 
                                                                                                 1000, 
                                                                                                 str);
        }

        // remove pass samples
        ViewCellContainer::const_iterator vit, vit_end = mViewCellsManager->GetViewCells().end();

        for (vit = mViewCellsManager->GetViewCells().begin(); vit != vit_end; ++ vit)
        {
                (*vit)->DelRayRefs();
        }
}


void GvsPreprocessor::CompileViewCellsFromPointList()
{
        ViewCell::NewMail();

        // Receive list of view cells from view cells manager
        ViewCellPointsList *vcPoints = mViewCellsManager->GetViewCellPointsList();

        vector<ViewCellPoints *>::const_iterator vit, vit_end = vcPoints->end();

        for (vit = vcPoints->begin(); vit != vit_end; ++ vit)
        {
                ViewCellPoints *vp = *vit;

                if (vp->first) // view cell  specified
                {
                        ViewCell *viewCell = vp->first;

                        if (!viewCell->Mailed())
                        {
                                viewCell->Mail();
                                mViewCells.push_back(viewCell);

                                if (mViewCells.size() >= mMaxViewCells)
                                        break;
                        }
                }
                else // no view cell specified => compute view cells using view point
                {
                        SimpleRayContainer::const_iterator rit, rit_end = vp->second.end();

                        for (rit = vp->second.begin(); rit != rit_end; ++ rit)
                        {
                                SimpleRay ray = *rit;

                                ViewCell *viewCell = mViewCellsManager->GetViewCell(ray.mOrigin);

                                if (viewCell && !viewCell->Mailed())
                                {
                                        viewCell->Mail();
                                        mViewCells.push_back(viewCell);

                                        if (mViewCells.size() >= mMaxViewCells)
                                                break;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
}


void GvsPreprocessor::CompileViewCellsList()
{
        if (!mViewCellsManager->GetViewCellPointsList()->empty())
        {
                cout << "processing view point list" << endl;
                CompileViewCellsFromPointList();
        }
        else
        {
                ViewCell::NewMail();

                while ((int)mViewCells.size() < mMaxViewCells)
                {
                        const int tries = 10000;
                        int i = 0;

                        for (i = 0; i < tries; ++ i)
                        {
                                const int idx = (int)RandomValue(0.0f, (float)mViewCellsManager->GetNumViewCells() - 0.5f);

                                ViewCell *viewCell = mViewCellsManager->GetViewCell(idx);

                                if (!viewCell->Mailed())
                                {
                                        viewCell->Mail();
                                        break;
                                }

                                mViewCells.push_back(viewCell);
                        }

                        if (i == tries)
                        {
                                cerr << "big error! no view cell found" << endl;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }

        cout << "\ncomputing list of " << mViewCells.size() << " view cells" << endl;
}

#if 1
void GvsPreprocessor::IntersectWithViewCell()
{
        mCurrentViewCell->GetMesh()->ComputeBoundingBox();
        AxisAlignedBox3 box = mCurrentViewCell->GetMesh()->mBox;
        
        ObjectContainer kdobjects;
        mKdTree->CollectKdObjects(box, kdobjects);

        ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = kdobjects.end();

        for (oit = kdobjects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
        {
        // add to kdnode pvs
                KdIntersectable *kdInt = static_cast<KdIntersectable *>(*oit);
                
                mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().AddSampleDirtyCheck(kdInt, 1.0f);
                //if (SHOW_QT_VISUALIZATION) mViewCellsManager->UpdateStatsForViewCell(mCurrentViewCell, kdInt);

                myobjects.clear();
                mKdTree->CollectObjects(kdInt->GetItem(), myobjects);

                // account for kd object pvs
                ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = myobjects.end();

                for (oit = myobjects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
                {
                        TriangleIntersectable *triObj = static_cast<TriangleIntersectable *>(*oit);
            
                        CountObject(triObj);
            
                        // the triangle itself intersects
                        if (box.Intersects(triObj->GetItem()))
                        {
                                if ((triObj->mCounter < ACCOUNTED_OBJECT))
                                {
                                        triObj->mCounter += ACCOUNTED_OBJECT;

                                        mTrianglePvs.push_back(triObj);
                                        mGenericStats = (int)mTrianglePvs.size();
                                }
                        }                       
                }
        }
        cout << "added " << mTrianglePvs.size() << " triangles (" << mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().GetSize() << " objects) by intersection" << endl;

}

#else

void GvsPreprocessor::IntersectWithViewCell()
{
        //Intersectable::NewMail();
        mCurrentViewCell->GetMesh()->ComputeBoundingBox();
        AxisAlignedBox3 box = mCurrentViewCell->GetMesh()->mBox;

        // compute pvs kd nodes that intersect view cell
        ObjectContainer kdobjects;
        mKdTree->CollectKdObjects(box, kdobjects);

        ObjectContainer pvsKdObjects;

        ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = kdobjects.end();

        for (oit = kdobjects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
        {
        KdIntersectable *kdInt = static_cast<KdIntersectable *>(*oit);
        
                myobjects.clear();
                mKdTree->CollectObjects(kdInt->GetItem(), myobjects);

                // account for kd object pvs
                bool addkdobj = false;

                ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = myobjects.end();

                for (oit = myobjects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
                {
                        TriangleIntersectable *triObj = static_cast<TriangleIntersectable *>(*oit);
                        // the triangle itself intersects => add object
                        if (box.Intersects(triObj->GetItem()))
                        {
                                if ((triObj->mCounter < ACCOUNTED_OBJECT))
                                {
                                        triObj->mCounter += ACCOUNTED_OBJECT;

                                        mTrianglePvs.push_back(triObj);
                                        mGenericStats = (int)mTrianglePvs.size();

                                        addkdobj = true;
                                }
                        }
                }
                
                // add node to object pvs
                if (addkdobj)
                        pvsKdObjects.push_back(kdInt);
        }

        // new mail because objects were mailed for kd tree search
        KdNode::NewMail();

        // now actually ADD new objects to object pvs
        oit_end = pvsKdObjects.end();

        for (oit = pvsKdObjects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
        {
        KdIntersectable *kdInt = static_cast<KdIntersectable *>(*oit);
        
                kdInt->Mail();

                mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().AddSampleDirty(kdInt, 1.0f);
                if (SHOW_QT_VISUALIZATION) UpdateStatsForVisualization(kdInt);  
        }

        cout << "added " << mTrianglePvs.size() << " triangles (" << (int)pvsKdObjects.size() << " objects) by intersection" << endl;
}
#endif

void GvsPreprocessor::PerViewCellComputation()
{
        while (mCurrentViewCell = NextViewCell())
        {
                // hack: reset counters
                ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = mObjects.end();

                for (oit = mObjects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
                        (*oit)->mCounter = NOT_ACCOUNTED_OBJECT;

        ComputeViewCell();
        }
}


void GvsPreprocessor::PerViewCellComputation2()
{
        while (1)
        {
                if (!mRendererWidget)
                        continue;

        mCurrentViewCell = mViewCellsManager->GetViewCell(mRendererWidget->GetViewPoint());

                // no valid view cell or view cell already computed
                if (!mCurrentViewCell || !mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().Empty() || !mRendererWidget->mComputeGVS)
                        continue;

                mRendererWidget->mComputeGVS = false;
                // hack: reset counters
                ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = mObjects.end();

                for (oit = mObjects.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
                        (*oit)->mCounter = NOT_ACCOUNTED_OBJECT;

                ComputeViewCell();
                ++ mProcessedViewCells;
        }
}


void GvsPreprocessor::StorePvs(const ObjectContainer &objectPvs)
{
        ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = objectPvs.end();

        for (oit = objectPvs.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
        {
                mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().AddSample(*oit, 1);
        }
}


void GvsPreprocessor::UpdatePvs(ViewCell *currentViewCell)
{
        ObjectPvs newPvs;
        BvhLeaf::NewMail();

        ObjectPvsIterator pit = currentViewCell->GetPvs().GetIterator();

        // output PVS of view cell
        while (pit.HasMoreEntries())
        {               
                Intersectable *intersect = pit.Next();

                BvhLeaf *bv = intersect->mBvhLeaf;

                if (!bv || bv->Mailed())
                        continue;
                
                bv->Mail();

                //m.mDiffuseColor = RgbColor(1, 0, 0);
                newPvs.AddSampleDirty(bv, 1.0f);
        }

        newPvs.SimpleSort();

        currentViewCell->SetPvs(newPvs);
}

 
void GvsPreprocessor::GetObjectPvs(ObjectContainer &objectPvs) const
{
        objectPvs.reserve((int)mTrianglePvs.size());

        BvhLeaf::NewMail();

        ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = mTrianglePvs.end();

        for (oit = mTrianglePvs.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
        {
                Intersectable *intersect = *oit;
        
                BvhLeaf *bv = intersect->mBvhLeaf;

                // hack: reset counter
                (*oit)->mCounter = NOT_ACCOUNTED_OBJECT;

                if (!bv || bv->Mailed())
                        continue;

                bv->Mail();
                objectPvs.push_back(bv);
        }
}


void GvsPreprocessor::GlobalComputation()
{
        int passSamples = 0;
        int oldContribution = 0;

        while (mGvsStats.mTotalSamples < mTotalSamples) 
        {
                mRayCaster->InitPass();
                // Ray queue empty => 
                // cast a number of uniform samples to fill ray queue
                int newSamples = CastInitialSamples(mInitialSamples, mSamplingType);

                if (!mOnlyRandomSampling)
                        newSamples += ProcessQueue();

                passSamples += newSamples;
                mGvsStats.mTotalSamples += newSamples;

                if (passSamples % (mGvsSamplesPerPass + 1) == mGvsSamplesPerPass)
                {
                        ++ mPass;

                        mGvsStats.mPassContribution = mGvsStats.mTotalContribution - oldContribution;

                        ////////
                        //-- stats

                        //cout << "\nPass " << mPass << " #samples: " << mGvsStats.mTotalSamples << " of " << mTotalSamples << endl;
                        mGvsStats.mPass = mPass;
                        mGvsStats.Stop();
                        mGvsStats.Print(mGvsStatsStream);

                        // reset
                        oldContribution = mGvsStats.mTotalContribution;
                        mGvsStats.mPassContribution = 0;
                        passSamples = 0;

                        if (GVS_DEBUG)
                                VisualizeViewCells();
                }
        }
}


bool GvsPreprocessor::ComputeVisibility()
{
        cout << "Gvs Preprocessor started\n" << flush;
        const long startTime = GetTime();

        //Randomize(0);
        mGvsStats.Reset();
        mGvsStats.Start();

        if (!mLoadViewCells)
        {       
                /// construct the view cells from the scratch
                ConstructViewCells();
                // reset pvs already gathered during view cells construction
                mViewCellsManager->ResetPvs();
                cout << "finished view cell construction" << endl;
        }

        if (mPerViewCell)
        {
#if 1
                // provide list of view cells to compute
                CompileViewCellsList();

                // start per view cell gvs
                PerViewCellComputation();
#else
                PerViewCellComputation2();

#endif
        }
        else
        {
                GlobalComputation();
        }

        cout << "cast " << mGvsStats.mTotalSamples / (1e3f * TimeDiff(startTime, GetTime())) << "M single rays/s" << endl;

        if (GVS_DEBUG)
        {
                Visualize();
                CLEAR_CONTAINER(mVssRays);
        }
        
        // export the preprocessed information to a file
        if (0 && mExportVisibility)
        {
                ExportPreprocessedData(mVisibilityFileName);
        }
        
        // compute the pixel error of this visibility solution
        if (mEvaluatePixelError)
        {
                ComputeRenderError();
        }

        return true;
}


void GvsPreprocessor::DeterminePvsObjects(VssRayContainer &rays)
{
        // store triangle directly
        mViewCellsManager->DeterminePvsObjects(rays, true);
}


void GvsPreprocessor::Visualize()
{
        Exporter *exporter = Exporter::GetExporter("gvs.wrl");

        if (!exporter)
                return;
        
        vector<VizStruct>::const_iterator vit, vit_end = vizContainer.end();
        
        for (vit = vizContainer.begin(); vit != vit_end; ++ vit)
        {
                exporter->SetWireframe();
                exporter->ExportPolygon((*vit).enlargedTriangle);
                //Material m;
                exporter->SetFilled();
                Polygon3 poly = Polygon3((*vit).originalTriangle);
                exporter->ExportPolygon(&poly);
        }

        VssRayContainer::const_iterator rit, rit_end = mVssRays.end();

        for (rit = mVssRays.begin(); rit != rit_end; ++ rit)
        {
                Intersectable *obj = (*rit)->mTerminationObject;
                exporter->ExportIntersectable(obj);
        }

        ExportVssRays(exporter, mVssRays);
        
        delete exporter;
}


void GvsStatistics::Print(ostream &app) const
{
        app << "#ViewCells\n" << mViewCells << endl;
        app << "#Id\n" << mViewCellId << endl;
        app << "#Time\n" << mTimePerViewCell << endl;;
        app << "#TriPvs\n" << mTrianglePvs << endl;
        app << "#ObjectPvs\n" << mPerViewCellPvs << endl;
        app << "#UpdatedPvs\n" << (int)mPvsCost << endl;

        app << "#PerViewCellSamples\n" << mPerViewCellSamples << endl;
        app << "#RaysPerSec\n" << RaysPerSec() << endl;
        
        app << "#TotalPvs\n" << mTotalPvs << endl;
        app << "#TotalTime\n" << mTotalTime << endl;
        app << "#TotalSamples\n" << mTotalSamples << endl;

        app << "#TotalTrianglePvs\n" << mTotalTrianglePvs << endl;
        
        if (0)
        {
                app << "#ReverseSamples\n" << mReverseSamples << endl;
                app << "#BorderSamples\n" << mBorderSamples << endl;

                app << "#Pass\n" << mPass << endl;
                app << "#ScDiff\n" << mPassContribution << endl;
                app << "#GvsRuns\n" << mGvsPass << endl;        

                app     << "#SamplesContri\n" << mTotalContribution << endl;
        }

        app << endl;
}


void GvsPreprocessor::ComputeViewCell()
{
        KdNode::NewMail();

        const long startTime = GetTime();

        cout << "\n***********************\n" 
                << "computing view cell " << mProcessedViewCells 
                << " (id: " << mCurrentViewCell->GetId() << ")" << endl;

        // compute the pvs of the current view cell
        // compute object that directly intersect view cell
        //IntersectWithViewCell();

        mGvsStats.mPerViewCellSamples = 0;

        int oldContribution = mGvsStats.mTotalContribution;
        int passSamples = 0;

        mGenericStats = 0;
        mGenericStats2 = 0;

        while (1)
        {
                int oldPvsSize = 0;//mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().GetSize();

                mRayCaster->InitPass();

                // Ray queue empty => 
                // cast a number of uniform samples to fill ray queue
                int newSamples = CastInitialSamples(mInitialSamples, mSamplingType);

                if (!mOnlyRandomSampling)
                {
                        int samplesPerRun = ProcessQueue();
                        newSamples += samplesPerRun;
                        //if (samplesPerRun > 0) cout << "spr: " << samplesPerRun << " ";
                }

                passSamples += newSamples;
        mGvsStats.mPerViewCellSamples += newSamples;

                if (passSamples >= mGvsSamplesPerPass)
                {
                        if (GVS_DEBUG) VisualizeViewCell(mTrianglePvs);

                        const bool convertPerPass = false;

                        if (convertPerPass)
                        {       
                                int newObjects = ConvertObjectPvs();

                                cout << "added " << newObjects << " triangles to triangle pvs" << endl;
                                mGvsStats.mTotalContribution += newObjects;
                        }

                        ++ mPass;
                        mGvsStats.mPassContribution = mGvsStats.mTotalContribution - oldContribution;


                        ////////
                        //-- stats

                        mGvsStats.mPass = mPass;

                        cout << "\nPass " << mPass << " #samples: " << mGvsStats.mPerViewCellSamples << endl;
                        cout << "contribution=" << mGvsStats.mPassContribution << " (of " << mMinContribution << ")" << endl;
                        cout << "obj contri=" << mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().GetSize() - oldPvsSize << " (of " << mMinContribution << ")" << endl;

                        // termination criterium
                        if (mGvsStats.mPassContribution < mMinContribution)
                                break;

                        // reset
                        oldContribution = mGvsStats.mTotalContribution;
                        mGvsStats.mPassContribution = 0;
                        passSamples = 0;
                }
        }
        
        // finally add objects that directly intersect the view cell
        //IntersectWithViewCell();

                
        ////////
        //-- stats

        // timing
        mGvsStats.mTimePerViewCell = TimeDiff(startTime, GetTime()) * 1e-3f;

        ComputeStats();

        // clean up
        mTrianglePvs.clear();
}


void GvsPreprocessor::ComputeStats()
{
        // compute pvs size using larger (bvh objects)
        // note: for kd pvs we had to do this during gvs computation

        if (!mUseKdPvs)
        {
                ObjectContainer objectPvs;

                // optain object pvs
                GetObjectPvs(objectPvs);

                // add pvs
                ObjectContainer::const_iterator it, it_end = objectPvs.end();

                for (it = objectPvs.begin(); it != it_end; ++ it)
                {
                        mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().AddSampleDirty(*it, 1.0f);
                }

                cout << "triangle pvs of " << (int)mTrianglePvs.size() 
                        << " was converted to object pvs of " << (int)objectPvs.size() << endl;

                mGvsStats.mPerViewCellPvs = (int)objectPvs.size();
                mGvsStats.mPvsCost = 0; // todo objectPvs.EvalPvsCost();
        }
        else
        {
                mGvsStats.mPerViewCellPvs = mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().GetSize();
                mGvsStats.mPvsCost = mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().EvalPvsCost();

        }

        mGvsStats.mTrianglePvs = (int)mTrianglePvs.size();


        ////////////////
        // global values

        mGvsStats.mViewCells = mProcessedViewCells;
        mGvsStats.mTotalTrianglePvs += mGvsStats.mTrianglePvs;
        mGvsStats.mTotalTime += mGvsStats.mTimePerViewCell;
    mGvsStats.mTotalPvs += mGvsStats.mPerViewCellPvs;
        mGvsStats.mTotalSamples += mGvsStats.mPerViewCellSamples;

        mGvsStats.Stop();
        mGvsStats.Print(mGvsStatsStream);

        cout << "id: " << mCurrentViewCell->GetId() << " pvs cost: " 
             << mGvsStats.mPvsCost << " pvs tri: " << mTrianglePvs.size() << endl;
}


ObjectContainer triangles;

int GvsPreprocessor::ConvertObjectPvs()
{
        int newObjects = 0;

        ObjectPvsIterator pit = mCurrentViewCell->GetPvs().GetIterator();

        triangles.clear();

        // output PVS of view cell
        while (pit.HasMoreEntries())
        {               
                KdIntersectable *kdInt = static_cast<KdIntersectable *>(pit.Next());

                mKdTree->CollectObjectsWithDublicates(kdInt->GetItem(), triangles);

                ObjectContainer::const_iterator oit, oit_end = triangles.end();

                for (oit = triangles.begin(); oit != oit_end; ++ oit)
                {
                        if (AddTriangleObject(*oit))
                                ++ newObjects;
                }
        }

        return newObjects;
}


bool GvsPreprocessor::AddTriangleObject(Intersectable *triObj)
{
        if ((triObj->mCounter < ACCOUNTED_OBJECT))
        {
                triObj->mCounter += ACCOUNTED_OBJECT;

                mTrianglePvs.push_back(triObj);
                mGenericStats = (int)mTrianglePvs.size();
                return true;
        }

        return false;
}

}